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Auditory warnings for electric vehicles: Detectability in normal-vision and visually-impaired listeners

机译：电动汽车的听觉警告：正常视力和视障听众的可检测性

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摘要

Electrical vehicles operating at low speed are often too quiet to be detected by pedestrians in time. In order to study the efficiency of additional auditory warning signals they might be equipped with, a sample of 100 sighted and 53 blind listeners was exposed to a virtual road-crossing scenario in which they had to detect whether an approaching vehicle came from the right or left. Nine warning signals, designed to differ in particular sound features such as FM, AM or the number of harmonics were studied and compared with the recording of an unfitted electrical vehicle (EV) and a conventional diesel car. The responses measured in the scenario in which cars approached at irregular intervals over two 20-min periods showed no reaction-time differences between blind and sighted participants, and a significant advantage when listening under dry weather conditions as opposed to recordings mixed with the sound of rain. Most importantly, however, regardless of listening conditions and the population studied (sighted or blind), the additional warning signals differed greatly in efficiency. Some signals facilitated detection of the EV as much as making it as noticeable as a control diesel car of significantly higher sound pressure level. Other signals were largely ineffective compared with the unfitted EV. Analysis of the signal characteristics suggested a relatively low number of harmonics, absence of frequency modulation, and irregular amplitude modulation to be the most salient features facilitating timely detection.
机译：低速行驶的电动汽车通常太安静，以致行人无法及时发现。为了研究他们可能装备的其他听觉警告信号的效率，将100名视力正常的听众和53位盲听者的样本暴露于虚拟的交叉路口场景中，在这种情况下，他们必须检测接近的车辆是来自右侧还是右侧。剩下。研究了九种警告信号，这些信号设计用于在特定的声音特征（例如FM，AM或谐波次数）上有所不同，并与未安装的电动汽车（EV）和常规柴油汽车的记录进行了比较。在两个20分钟的时间内以不规则的间隔驶近汽车的场景中测得的响应表明，盲人和有视力的参与者之间的反应时间没有差异，并且在干燥的天气条件下聆听时具有明显的优势，与录音中混有雨。然而，最重要的是，无论聆听条件和所研究的人群（有视力或盲人）如何，其他警告信号的效率差异都很大。一些信号促进了EV的检测，使其与具有明显更高声压级的控制柴油车一样引人注目。与未安装的EV相比，其他信号在很大程度上无效。对信号特性的分析表明，相对较少的谐波，没有频率调制以及不规则的幅度调制是最重要的特征，有助于及时检测。

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