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Intra-tourism trade, income distribution and tourism endowment: an econometric investigation

机译：旅游内贸易，收入分配和旅游end赋：计量经济学调查

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Empirical investigation (Nowak et al., 2012) points out that vertical intra-industry trade (VIIT) in Europe is the dominant type of intra-industry trade (IIT) in the tourism sector. This article is the first in tourism literature to test separately the determinants of vertically and horizontally differentiated services, using the most recent models in the theory of IIT. We examine bilateral trade among all trading partners of the sample of European countries, covering the period from 2000 to 2008. We show that differences in gross domestic product per capita and the income-distribution overlap, as well as cultural proximity, are the most significant driving forces behind VIIT for European countries. Geographic distance has a negative effect, whereas specific tourism endowments and relative size of the economies are less conclusive. These results confirm theory predictions and most of the empirical findings related to the pattern of VIIT for the manufacturing sector. As expected, we find that determinants of VIIT cannot explain horizontal intra-industry trade in tourism. We suggest two alternative methods of estimation: generalized least squares logistic function and the fractional logit estimator. We conclude that there are common factors explaining IIT in the manufacturing and tourism trades.
机译：实证研究（Nowak等，2012）指出，欧洲的垂直产业内贸易（VIIT）是旅游业产业内贸易（IIT）的主要类型。本文是旅游业文献中第一个使用IIT理论中的最新模型来分别测试纵向和横向差异服务的决定因素的方法。我们检查了样本欧洲国家的所有贸易伙伴之间的双边贸易，涵盖2000年至2008年。我们发现，人均国内生产总值和收入分配重叠以及文化接近度的差异最为显着欧洲国家VIIT背后的推动力。地理距离具有负面影响，而特定的旅游end赋和经济体的相对规模的结论性较小。这些结果证实了理论预测以及大多数与制造业VIIT模式有关的经验发现。不出所料，我们发现VIIT的决定因素无法解释旅游业的横向行业内贸易。我们建议两种替代的估算方法：广义最小二乘对数函数和分数对数估算器。我们得出结论，在制造业和旅游业中，有一些共同的因素可以解释个人所得税。

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