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Does religion affect international trade in services more than trade in goods?

机译：宗教对国际服务贸易的影响大于对货物贸易的影响吗？

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This study used gravity modelling to examine the impact of religion on international trade in goods and services. The Poisson pseudo-maximum likelihood estimator was used to correct for the presence of heteroscedasticity, and religion-related dummy variables were incorporated to investigate the relationship between religion and trade. The results indicate that religion creates positive institutional and network effects, increasing international trade in goods and services; these effects enhance trade in services more than trade in goods; institutional effects exert a greater trade-creating effect than deliberately designed institutional regimes, but a lesser effect than historically established cultural regimes, such as common language and colonial ties; network effects on trade in services, although less significant than common language and colonial ties, promote trade to nearly the same degree as regional trade agreements and shared legal systems. Religion establishes co-religious networks that positively affect interpersonal trust, thereby reducing institutional distances between countries. This effect is similar to that of trading diaspora.
机译：这项研究使用引力模型研究了宗教对商品和服务国际贸易的影响。 Poisson伪最大似然估计器用于校正异方差的存在，并结合了与宗教有关的虚拟变量来研究宗教与贸易之间的关系。结果表明，宗教创造了积极的制度和网络效应，增加了商品和服务的国际贸易；这些影响比商品贸易更能促进服务贸易；与故意设计的制度制度相比，制度作用发挥更大的贸易创造作用，但与历史悠久的文化制度（例如，通用语言和殖民地联系）相比，其作用要小得多。网络对服务贸易的影响，虽然不如通用语言和殖民地关系重要，但其促进贸易的程度几乎与区域贸易协定和共同的法律制度相同。宗教建立了积极影响人际信任的共同宗教网络，从而缩短了国家之间的机构距离。此效果类似于散居国外的交易。

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