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首页> 外文期刊>Applied Mathematical Modelling >Simulation of mechanical resistive loading on an optimal respiratory control model with added dead space and CO_2 breathing
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Simulation of mechanical resistive loading on an optimal respiratory control model with added dead space and CO_2 breathing

机译：在具有附加死区和CO_2呼吸的最佳呼吸控制模型上模拟机械阻力负荷

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To investigate how respiratory resistive loading affects the behavior of optimal chemical-mechanical respiratory control, respiratory signals and breathing pattern were optimized under various dead space loadings (0, 0.4, and 0.8 L) and CO_2 inhalation concentrations (0%, 3%, and 5%). The optimal respiratory control model, which has been studied earlier, was characterized to include a description of the neuromuscular drive P(t) as the control output and accurately derive the waveshapes of instantaneous airflow V˙(t), lung volume V(t) profiles, and breathing pattern, including total and alveolar ventilation, breathing frequency, tidal volume, inspiratory and expiratory duration, duty cycle, and arterial CO_2 pressure. Simulations were performed under various respiratory resistive loads: no load (NL), inspiratory resistive load (IRL), expiratory resistive load (ERL), and continuous resistive load (CRL). The simulation results provide an extended view of breathing pattern and the respiratory signals of neural muscular driving pressure, airflow, and lung volume for rest and various specific cases with external dead space loading and/or CO_2 inhalation. The results showed that an IRL generally resulted in a higher amplitude of P(t) and V(t), with more convex upward pressure waveshapes, a prolonged inspiratory duration, and a higher duty cycle (T_I/T ≈ 0.55-0.56 at Rest, ≈ 0.54∼0.68 in Case 1, and ≈0.61∼0.69 in Case 3 during resistive loading) for the waveforms. In comparison to the resting state, an abrupt fall occurred at the beginning of the expiratory phases of P(t) and the peak flows (V˙_(peak)≈ −5, −5.5, and −7 L/min in Cases 1, 2, and 3, correspondingly) in the expiratory phase were significantly boosted with ERL during CO_2 inhalation (Case 1_3%, 5%), and EDS loadings (Case 2_EDS = 0.4, 0.8), or a combination of both (Case 3_5% and EDS = 0.4). CRL in all cases exhibited greater rises in amplitude for pressure and lung volume in comparison to IRL and ERL; nevertheless, it also appeared not to have a substantial influence on the waveshapes of airflow, except in the case of a higher concentration of CO_2 inhalation.
机译：为了研究呼吸阻力负荷如何影响最佳化学机械呼吸控制的行为，在各种死空间负荷（0、0.4和0.8L）和CO_2吸入浓度（0％，3％和5％）。最佳呼吸控制模型已经过研究，其特征包括对神经肌肉驱动力P（t）的描述作为控制输出，并准确得出瞬时气流的波形V˙（t），肺容积V（t）轮廓和呼吸模式，包括总和肺泡通气，呼吸频率，潮气量，吸气和呼气时间，占空比和动脉CO_2压力。在各种呼吸阻力负荷下进行了模拟：无负荷（NL），吸气阻力负荷（IRL），呼气阻力负荷（ERL）和连续阻力负荷（CRL）。仿真结果提供了呼吸模式以及神经肌肉驱动压力，气流和肺活量的呼吸模式的扩展视图，用于休息和各种特定情况下的外部死空间负荷和/或CO_2吸入。结果表明，IRL通常会导致P（t）和V（t）的振幅更高，向上的压力波形更凸，吸气时间延长，占空比更高（静止时T_I / T≈0.55-0.56 ，对于波形，在情况1中约为0.54〜0.68，在情况3中约为0.61〜0.69）。与静止状态相比，在P（t）的呼气阶段开始时突然下降，并且峰值流量（案例1中的V˙_（peak）≈--5，-5.5和-7L / min）呼气阶段的2，3和3）分别在吸入CO_2（情况1_3％，5％）和EDS负荷（情况2_EDS = 0.4、0.8）或两者结合的情况下（情况3_5％）被ERL明显增强。和EDS = 0.4）。在所有情况下，与IRL和ERL相比，CRL在压力和肺活量方面均表现出更大的幅度增加；但是，除了较高浓度的CO_2吸入外，它似乎对气流的波形也没有实质性影响。

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