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Microorganisms Metabolizing on Clay Grains in 3-Km-Deep Greenland Basal Ice

机译:3公里深的格陵兰岛基层冰中微生物在粘土颗粒上的代谢

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We have discovered > 10~8 microbial cells/cm~3 attached to clay grains in the bottom 13 m of the GISP2 (Greenland Ice Sheet Project) ice core. Their concentration correlates with huge excesses of CO_2 and CH_4. We show that Fe-reducing bacteria produce most of the excess CO_2 and methanogenic archaea produce the excess CH_4. The number of attached cells per clay grain is proportional to grain perimeter rather than to area, which implies that nutrients are accessed at grain edges. We conclude that Fe-reducing microbes immobilized on clay surfaces metabolize via "shuttle" molecules that transport electrons to grain edges, where they reduce Fe(Ⅲ) ions at edges to Fe(Ⅱ) while organic acid ions are oxidized to CO_2. Driven by the concentration gradient, electrons on Fe(Ⅱ) ions at grain edges "hop" to Fe(Ⅲ) ions inward in the same edges and oxidize them. The original Fe(Ⅲ) ions can then attach new electrons from shuttle molecules at the edges. Our mechanism explains how Fe-reducers can reduce essentially all Fe(Ⅲ) in clay minerals. We estimate that the Fe(Ⅲ) in clay grains in the GISP2 silty ice can sustain Fe-reducing bacteria at the ambient temperature of -9℃ for ~10~6 years. F_(420) autofluorescence imaging shows that > 2.4% of the cells are methanogens, which account for the excess methane.
机译:我们在GISP2(格陵兰冰原计划)冰芯底部13 m处的黏土颗粒上附着了> 10〜8个微生物细胞/ cm〜3。它们的浓度与CO_2和CH_4的过量过量有关。我们表明,还原铁的细菌产生大多数过量的CO_2,产甲烷的古细菌产生过量的CH_4。每个粘土颗粒附着细胞的数量与颗粒周长成正比,而不是与面积成正比,这意味着营养物质从颗粒边缘获取。我们得出的结论是,固定在粘土表面的还原铁微生物通过“穿梭”分子代谢,该分子将电子传输到晶粒边缘,在那里它们将边缘的Fe(Ⅲ)离子还原为Fe(Ⅱ),而有机酸离子被氧化为CO_2。在浓度梯度的驱动下,晶界边缘的Fe(Ⅱ)离子上的电子向同一边缘的Fe(Ⅲ)离子“跳跃”并氧化。然后,原始的Fe(Ⅲ)离子可以在边缘将来自穿梭分子的新电子附着。我们的机理解释了铁还原剂如何能基本上还原粘土矿物中的所有Fe(Ⅲ)。我们估计,GISP2粉质冰中粘土颗粒中的Fe(Ⅲ)可以在-9℃的环境温度下维持〜10〜6年的还原铁细菌。 F_(420)自发荧光成像显示> 2.4%的细胞是产甲烷菌,占甲烷的过量。

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