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Serpentinization and Its Implications for Life on the Early Earth and Mars

机译：蛇形化及其对地球早期和火星生命的影响

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Ophiolites, sections of ocean crust tectonically displaced onto land, offer significant potential to support chemolithoautotrophic life through the provision of energy and reducing power during aqueous alteration of their highly reduced mineralogies. There is substantial chemical disequilibrium between the primary olivine and pyroxene mineralogy of these ophiolites and the fluids circulating through them. This disequilibrium represents a potential source of chemical energy that could sustain life. Moreover, E_h-pH conditions resulting from rock-water interactions in ultrabasic rocks are conducive to important abiotic processes antecedent to the origin of life. Serpentinization—the reaction of olivine- and pyroxene-rich rocks with water—produces magnetite, hydroxide, and serpentine minerals, and liberates molecular hydrogen, a source of energy and electrons that can be readily utilized by a broad array of chemosynthetic organisms. These systems are viewed as important analogs for potential early ecosystems on both Earth and Mars, where highly reducing mineralogy was likely widespread in an undifferentiated crust. Secondary phases precipitated during serpentinization have the capability to preserve organic or mineral biosignatures. We describe the petrology and mineral chemistry of an ophiolite-hosted cold spring in northern California and propose criteria to aid in the identification of serpentinizing terranes on Mars that have the potential to harbor chemosynthetic life.
机译：蛇纹岩是构造性地转移到陆地上的大洋壳部分，通过在其高度还原的矿物学的水蚀改变过程中提供能量和降低功率，具有巨大的潜力来支持化学自养生命。这些蛇绿岩的主要橄榄石和辉石矿物学与循环通过它们的流体之间存在很大的化学不平衡。这种不平衡代表了可能维持生命的化学能的潜在来源。此外，超碱性岩石中岩水相互作用产生的E_h-pH条件有利于生命起源之前的重要非生物过程。蛇纹石化-富含橄榄石和辉石的岩石与水的反应-产生磁铁矿，氢氧化物和蛇纹石矿物，并释放出分子氢，氢是一种能量和电子的来源，可以被广泛的化学合成生物利用。这些系统被认为是地球和火星上潜在的早期生态系统的重要类似物，在那里高度还原的矿物学可能在未分化的地壳中广泛分布。蛇纹石化过程中沉淀的次生相具有保留有机或矿物质生物特征的能力。我们描述了加利福尼亚北部由蛇绿岩所生的冷泉的岩石学和矿物化学，并提出了有助于识别火星上具有蛇化作用的蛇纹石的标准，这些蛇纹石具有潜在的化学合成生命。

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