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Long-range transport of aerosols from East and Southeast Asia to northern Philippines and its direct radiative forcing effect

机译：气溶胶从东亚和东南亚到菲律宾北部的远距离运输及其直接辐射强迫效应

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Two elevated fine particulate mass concentration events were observed in a span of a week in northern Philippines on March of 2017. Results from chemical characterization, lidar observation, and model simulations of particulate matter show the high aerosol concentration events to be caused by long range transport (LRT) of anthropogenic pollutants from northern East Asia at the surface and biomass burning emission from Indochina aloft. In this study, we investigated the transport path of these LRT aerosols and estimated their direct radiative forcing. A strong Siberian high and a confluent flow induced by a continental high over the main Asian continent and a cyclonic circulation over the south of Japan produced a strong northerly wind that carried pollutants from northern East Asia to northern Philippines. At the same time, strong westerlies 2-4 km aloft carried biomass burning emissions from Indochina, which also had an impact on ground concentration. Mass extinction efficiency of LRT aerosols was estimated to be in the range of 2.06-6.44 m(2) g(-1) with a mean value of 4.32 +/- 1.32 m(2) g(-1). In addition, we calculated the direct radiative forcing effect under clear sky condition and found that the transported aerosols had a mean net negative forcing (cooling) effect of -50.80 +/- 12.38 Wm(-2) and -11.98 +/- 3.96 Wm(-2) on surface and at the top of the atmosphere, respectively. Such pollutant transport during wintertime cold surges had been shown to reduce local surface pollutants in northern China. Consequently, its impacts shift to downwind regions as far as the Philippines. As winter cold surge frequency increases due to the warming arctic, more LRT events may be expected as a result of climate change.
机译：2017年3月，在菲律宾北部，一周内观察到两次升高的细颗粒质量浓度事件。化学表征，激光雷达观察和颗粒物模型模拟的结果表明，高浓度气溶胶浓度事件是由远距离运输引起的（LRT）来自东亚北部地表的人为污染物和印度支那高空生物质的燃烧排放。在这项研究中，我们调查了这些LRT气溶胶的传输路径，并估计了它们的直接辐射强迫。西伯利亚的强烈高压和亚洲主要大陆上的大陆高压引起的汇合流以及日本南部的气旋环流产生了强烈的北风，将污染物从东亚北部带到菲律宾北部。同时，高空西风在2-4公里高空携带来自印度支那的生物质燃烧排放物，这也对地面浓度产生了影响。 LRT气溶胶的质量消光效率估计在2.06-6.44 m（2）g（-1）的范围内，平均值为4.32 +/- 1.32 m（2）g（-1）。此外，我们计算了晴朗天空条件下的直接辐射强迫效应，发现输送的气溶胶的平均净负强迫（冷却）效应为-50.80 +/- 12.38 Wm（-2）和-11.98 +/- 3.96 Wm （-2）分别位于大气层的表面和顶部。事实表明，冬季寒冷潮气中的这种污染物运输能够减少中国北方的局部地表污染物。因此，其影响转移到了顺风地区，甚至到了菲律宾。随着北极变暖导致冬季寒潮频率增加，气候变化可能会导致更多的轻轨事件。

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