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首页> 外文期刊>Atmospheric environment >Measurement of black carbon concentration as an indicator of air quality benefits of traffic restriction policies within the ecopass zone in Milan, Italy
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Measurement of black carbon concentration as an indicator of air quality benefits of traffic restriction policies within the ecopass zone in Milan, Italy

机译：测量黑碳浓度，作为意大利米兰生态通道内交通限制政策对空气质量益处的指标

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Traffic restrictions are an unpopular tool to mitigate urban air pollution, and a measurable improvement in air quality is needed to demonstrate the effectiveness of this measure. Previous attempts failed to detect measurable reductions of PM mass pollution within the areas subject to traffic restriction. However black carbon, which is emitted primarily by traffic sources, could be a PM metric more suitable than PM mass to demonstrate pollutant reductions. In this study we report the results of a black carbon monitoring campaign carried out in Milan, Italy, with the aim to detect - and demonstrate more suitably than PM mass - differences in local urban air quality among three zones located very closely with different traffic intensity. The study was carried out in three different days by measuring simultaneously black carbon and PM mass concentrations with fixed monitoring stations located in three main radial roads connecting the outskirts to the city center, each with three segments: 1) an outer one, with no traffic restrictions 2) an intermediate one, subject to the congestion traffic charge called "Ecopass", where a ticket is required to enter for cars equipped with engines prior to Euro 4 standard; 3) the pedestrian zone (no cars admitted) of Duomo Square in the city center, where each of the three main roads ends. The results demonstrated a sharply declining gradient in black carbon levels from the outer zone, without traffic restrictions, to the more central areas, for all of the three radial main roads. The differences in mean black carbon levels in the same day in the different traffic scheme locations were highly significant for each comparison. In contrast to the Black carbon results, mean PM_(10), PM_(2.5), PM_1 concentrations did not show significant differences among the different traffic zones on the different campaign days. The ratio of black carbon to PM_(10) decreased by 47% and 62% in the Ecopass zone and in the pedestrian zone, respectively, as compared to the no-restriction zone. To the best of our knowledge this is the first study showing that within-city proximal areas with different traffic intensity are associated with different black carbon levels. These data suggest that black carbon is a highly relevant metric of traffic pollution and should be taken into consideration in demonstrating the effectiveness of air quality mitigation measures.
机译：交通限制是减轻城市空气污染的不受欢迎的工具，需要空气质量的显着改善以证明该措施的有效性。先前的尝试未能检测到在交通限制区域内可测量的PM质量污染减少量。但是，主要由交通源排放的黑碳可能是PM指标，比PM质量更适合于证明污染物的减少。在这项研究中，我们报告了在意大利米兰进行的一次黑碳监测活动的结果，目的是检测并显示出比PM质量更合适的三个交通密度非常接近的三个区域的局部城市空气质量差异。这项研究是在三个不同的天中进行的，方法是同时使用固定监测站同时测量黑碳和PM的质量浓度，这些监测站位于连接郊区与市中心的三条主要径向道路上，每条道路分为三个部分：1）外部部分，无交通限制2）中间人，须缴纳被称为“ Ecopass”的交通拥堵费，其中配备欧4标准之前装有发动机的汽车需要入场票； 3）市中心Duomo广场的行人专用区（禁止车辆通行），三条主要道路均在此终止。结果表明，对于三条径向主干道，从无交通限制的外部区域到更中心的区域，黑碳水平的梯度急剧下降。对于每个比较，不同交通方案位置同一天的平均黑碳水平差异非常显着。与黑碳结果相反，在不同的活动日期，不同交通区域之间的平均PM_（10），PM_（2.5），PM_1浓度没有显示出显着差异。与无限制区相比，Ecopass区和行人区的黑碳与PM_（10）的比例分别降低了47％和62％。据我们所知，这是第一项研究，表明不同交通强度的城市近端区域与不同的黑碳水平相关。这些数据表明，黑碳是交通污染的高度相关指标，在证明缓解空气质量措施的有效性时应予以考虑。

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