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Fog water chemistry in Shanghai

机译：上海的雾水化学

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摘要

With the aim of understanding the fog chemistry in a Chinese megacity, twenty-six fog water samples were collected in urban Shanghai from March 2009 to March 2010. The following parameters were measured: pH, electrical conductivity (EC), ten inorganic major ions (SO~2_4-, NO_3-, NO_2-, F-, Cl~-, Na~+, K~+, Ca~(2+), Mg~(2+), NH~+_4) and four major organic acids (CH_3COO-, HCOO-, C_2O~2_4, MSA). The total ionic concentration (TIC) and EC of fog samples were one or two orders of magnitude higher than those often found in Europe, North America and other Asian countries. Pollutants were expected to be mainly from local sources, including factories, motor vehicle emissions and civil construction. Non-local sources such as moderate- and long-range transport of sea salt also contributed to pollution levels in fog events as indicated by back trajectory analysis. The pH of the fog water collected during the monitoring period varied from 4.68 to 6.58; acidic fogs represented about 30.8% of the total fog events during this period. The fog water was characterized by high concentrations of SO~2-_4 (20.0% of measured TIC), NOJ (17.1%), NH+_4 (28.3%) and Ca~(2+) (14.4%). SO~2-_4 and NO-_3, the main precursors of fog acidity, were related to burning fossil fuels and vehicle emissions, respectively. NHJ, originating from the scavenging of gaseous ammonia and paniculate ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate, and Ca~(2+), originating from the scavenging of coarse particles, acted as acid neutralizers and were the main cause for the relatively high pH of fogs in Shanghai. The ratio of (SO2_4 + NO_3)/(NH_4 + Ca~(2+)) was lower than 1, indicating the alkaline nature of the fog water. A high ratio of NO_3 /SO~2_4 and low ratio of HCOO~/CH3COO~ were consistent with large contributions from vehicular emissions that produce severe air pollution in megacities.
机译：为了了解中国特大城市的雾化学，从2009年3月至2010年3月在上海市区收集了26个雾水样品。测量了以下参数：pH，电导率（EC），十个无机主要离子（ SO〜2_4-，NO_3-，NO_2-，F-，Cl〜-，Na〜+，K〜+，Ca〜（2 +），Mg〜（2 +），NH〜+ _4）和四种主要有机酸（CH_3COO-，HCOO-，C_2O〜2_4，MSA）。雾样品的总离子浓度（TIC）和EC比欧洲，北美和其他亚洲国家的离子浓度高一两个数量级。预计污染物主要来自当地来源，包括工厂，机动车排放和民用建筑。如反向轨迹分析所示，非本地来源（例如中长期海盐运输）也导致雾事件中的污染水平。监测期间收集的雾水的pH在4.68至6.58之间变化。在此期间，酸性雾占全部雾事件的30.8％。雾水的特征是高浓度的SO〜2-_4（占所测TIC的20.0％），NOJ（占17.1％），NH + _4（占28.3％）和Ca〜（2 +）（占14.4％）。雾酸的主要前体SO〜2-_4和NO__3分别与燃烧化石燃料和车辆排放有关。 NHJ来源于气态氨和颗粒状硝酸铵和硫酸铵的清除，而Ca〜（2+）来源于粗颗粒的清除，起酸中和剂的作用，是造成雾中pH值相对较高的主要原因。上海。 （SO2_4 + NO_3）/（NH_4 + Ca〜（2+））之比小于1，表明雾水呈碱性。 NO_3 / SO〜2_4的高比例和HCOO〜/ CH3COO〜的低比例与机动车排放的巨大贡献相一致，在大城市中产生了严重的空气污染。

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  • 来源
    《Atmospheric environment》 |2011年第24期|p.4034-4041|共8页
  • 作者

    Pengfei Li; Xiang Li; Chenyu Yang; Xinjun Wang; Jianmin Chen; Jeffrey L Collett Jr.;

  • 作者单位

    Center for Atmospheric Chemistry, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China;

    Center for Atmospheric Chemistry, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China;

    Center for Atmospheric Chemistry, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China;

    Center for Atmospheric Chemistry, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Institute of Global Environment Change Research, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China;

    Center for Atmospheric Chemistry, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Institute of Global Environment Change Research, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China;

    Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA;

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  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类
  • 关键词

    fog chemistry; air mass trajectories; microphysics; shanghai;

    机译：雾化学;空气质量轨迹;微观物理学;上海;

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