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On the relationship between the snowflake type aloft and the surface precipitation types at temperatures near 0 degrees C

机译：接近0摄氏度的温度下雪花型高空与表面降水类型之间的关系

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Winter precipitation types can have major consequences on power outages, road conditions and air transportation. The type of precipitation reaching the surface depends strongly on the vertical temperature of the atmosphere, which is often composed of a warm layer aloft and a refreezing layer below it. A small variation of the vertical structure can lead to a change in the type of precipitation near the surface. It has been shown in previous studies that the type of precipitation depends also on the precipitation rate, which is directly linked to the particle size distribution and that a difference as low as 0.5 degrees C in the vertical temperature profile could change the type of precipitation near the surface. Given the importance of better understanding the formation of winter precipitation type, the goal of this study is to assess the impact of the snowflake habit aloft on the type of precipitation reaching the surface when the vertical temperature is near 0 degrees C. To address this, a one dimensional cloud model coupled with a bulk microphysics scheme was used. Four snowflake types (dendrite, bullet, column and graupel) have been added to the scheme. The production of precipitation at the surface from these types of snow has been compared to available observations. The results showed that the thickness of the snow-rain transition is four times deeper when columns and graupel only fall through the atmosphere compared to dendrites. Furthermore, a temperature of the melting layer that is three (four) times warmer is required to completely melt columns and graupel (dendrites). Finally, the formation of freezing rain is associated with the presence of lower density snowflakes (dendrites) aloft compared to the production of ice pellets (columns). Overall, this study demonstrated that the type of snowflakes has an impact on the type of precipitation reaching the surface when the temperature is near 0 degrees C. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
机译：冬季降水类型可能对停电，道路状况和航空运输产生重大影响。到达地面的降水类型在很大程度上取决于大气的垂直温度，大气的垂直温度通常由高空的暖层和其下方的再冻层组成。垂直结构的微小变化会导致地表附近降水类型的变化。以前的研究表明，降水的类型还取决于降水率，这与粒径分布直接相关，垂直温度分布低至0.5摄氏度的差异可能会改变附近的降水类型。表面。考虑到更好地了解冬季降水类型的形成的重要性，本研究的目的是评估垂直温度接近0摄氏度时，雪花习性对到达地面的降水类型的影响。一维云模型与体微观物理学方案相结合。该方案已添加了四种雪花类型（树突，子弹，圆柱和毛刺）。将这些类型的雪在地表产生的降水与现有观测结果进行了比较。结果表明，与树枝状晶体相比，当圆柱和gra仅落入大气层时，雪-雨过渡层的厚度要深四倍。此外，熔化层的温度需要高三（四）倍，才能完全熔化色谱柱和gra（树枝状晶体）。最后，与生产冰粒（柱）相比，冻雨的形成与高密度雪花（树突）的出现有关。总的来说，这项研究表明，雪花的类型会影响温度接近0摄氏度时到达地面的降水类型。（C）2016 Elsevier B.V.保留所有权利。

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