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Grandparental investment: Past, present, and future

机译：祖父母投资：过去，现在和未来

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What motivates grandparents to their altruism? We review answers from evolutionary theory, sociology, and economics. Sometimes in direct conflict with each other, these accounts of grandparental investment exist side-by-side, with little or no theoretical integration. They all account for some of the data, and none account for all of it. We call for a more comprehensive theoretical framework of grandparental investment that addresses its proximate and ultimate causes, and its variability due to lineage, values, norms, institutions (e.g., inheritance laws), and social welfare regimes. This framework needs to take into account that the demographic shift to low fecundity and mortality in economically developed countries has profoundly altered basic parameters of grandparental investment. We then turn to the possible impact of grandparental acts of altruism, and examine whether benefits of grandparental care in industrialized societies may manifest in terms of less tangible dimensions, such as the grandchildren's cognitive and verbal ability, mental health, and well-being. Although grandparents in industrialized societies continue to invest substantial amounts of time and money in their grandchildren, we find a paucity of studies investigating the influence that this investment has on grandchildren in low-risk family contexts. Under circumstances of duress - for example, teenage pregnancy or maternal depression - there is converging evidence that grandparents can provide support that helps to safeguard their children and grandchildren against adverse risks. We conclude by discussing the role that grandparents could play in what has been referred to as Europe's demographic suicide.
机译：是什么促使祖父母采取利他主义？我们回顾了进化论，社会学和经济学的答案。有时彼此直接冲突，这些祖父母投资帐户并排存在，几乎没有理论整合。它们都占一些数据，而没有一个占所有。我们呼吁建立更全面的祖父母投资理论框架，以解决其直接和最终原因，以及由于血统，价值，规范，制度（例如继承法）和社会福利制度而引起的可变性。该框架需要考虑到经济发达国家人口向低生育力和低死亡率的转变已经深刻改变了祖父母投资的基本参数。然后，我们转向祖父母的利他行为的可能影响，并研究在工业化社会中祖父母的照顾福利是否可以从诸如孙子的认知和言语能力，心理健康以及幸福感等较不明显的方面体现出来。尽管工业化社会中的祖父母继续在孙子上投入大量的时间和金钱，但我们发现，在低风险家庭环境中，这项投资对孙子孙后代的影响却很少。在胁迫的情况下（例如，青少年怀孕或产妇抑郁症），越来越多的证据表明，祖父母可以提供支持，以帮助保护其子孙后代免受不良风险的影响。最后，我们讨论了祖父母在所谓的欧洲人口自杀中可以扮演的角色。

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