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The weirdest people in the world?

机译：世界上最怪异的人？

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Behavioral scientists routinely publish broad claims about human psychology and behavior in the world's top journals based on samples drawn entirely from Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic (WEIRD) societies. Researchers - often implicitly - assume that either there is little variation across human populations, or that these "standard subjects" are as representative of the species as any other population. Are these assumptions justified? Here, our review of the comparative database from across the behavioral sciences suggests both that there is substantial variability in experimental results across populations and that WEIRD subjects are particularly unusual compared with the rest of the species - frequent outliers. The domains reviewed include visual perception, fairness, cooperation, spatial reasoning, categorization and inferential induction, moral reasoning, reasoning styles, self-concepts and related motivations, and the heritability of IQ. The findings suggest that members of WEIRD societies, including young children, are among the least representative populations one could find for generalizing about humans. Many of these findings involve domains that are associated with fundamental aspects of psychology, motivation, and behavior - hence, there are no obvious a priori grounds for claiming that a particular behavioral phenomenon is universal based on sampling from a single subpopulation. Overall, these empirical patterns suggests that we need to be less cavalier in addressing questions of human nature on the basis of data drawn from this particularly thin, and rather unusual, slice of humanity. We close by proposing ways to structurally re-organize the behavioral sciences to best tackle these challenges.
机译：行为科学家通常根据完全来自西方，受过教育，工业化，富裕和民主（WEIRD）学会的样本，在世界顶级期刊上定期发表有关人类心理和行为的广泛主张。研究人员（通常是隐性地）假设，或者说人类种群之间的变异很小，或者这些“标准受试者”与任何其他种群一样都是该物种的代表。这些假设是否合理？在这里，我们对来自行为科学的比较数据库的评论表明，不仅种群之间的实验结果存在很大差异，而且与其他物种相比，WEIRD受试者尤其异常-频繁的异常值。所审查的领域包括视觉感知，公平，合作，空间推理，分类和推论归纳，道德推理，推理风格，自我概念和相关动机以及智商的遗传性。研究结果表明，WEIRD学会的成员，包括幼儿，是人们可以发现的关于人类的普遍代表性最低的人群之一。这些发现中有许多涉及与心理学，动机和行为的基本方面相关的领域-因此，没有明显的先验依据可以断言基于来自单个亚群的抽样，特定的行为现象是普遍的。总体而言，这些经验模式表明，在从人类这一特别薄弱且相当不寻常的人类领域中获得的数据的基础上，我们在解决人性问题时需要变得轻而易举。最后，我们提出了在结构上重新组织行为科学的方法，以最好地应对这些挑战。

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