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The evolution of misbelief

机译：怀疑的演变

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From an evolutionary standpoint, a default presumption is that true beliefs are adaptive and misbeliefs maladaptive. But if humans are biologically engineered to appraise the world accurately and to form true beliefs, how are we to explain the routine exceptions to this rule? How can we account for mistaken beliefs, bizarre delusions, and instances of self-deception? We explore this question in some detail. We begin by articulating a distinction between two general types of misbelief: those resulting from a breakdown in the normal functioning of the belief formation system (e.g., delusions) and those arising in the normal course of that system's operations (e.g., beliefs based on incomplete or inaccurate information). The former are instances of biological dysfunction or pathology, reflecting "culpable" limitations of evolutionary design. Although the latter category includes undesirable (but tolerable) by-products of "forgivably" limited design, our quarry is a contentious subclass of this category: misbeliefs best conceived as design features. Such misbeliefs, unlike occasional lucky falsehoods, would have been systematically adaptive in the evolutionary past. Such misbeliefs, furthermore, would not be reducible to judicious - but doxastically noncommittal - action policies. Finally, such misbeliefs would have been adaptive in themselves, constituting more than mere by-products of adaptively biased misbelief-producing systems. We explore a range of potential candidates for evolved misbelief, and conclude that, of those surveyed, only positive illusions meet our criteria.
机译：从进化的角度来看，一个默认的推论是，真实的信念是适应性的，而错误的信念则是适应不良的。但是，如果对人类进行生物工程改造，以准确地评估世界并形成真实的信念，那么我们如何解释这一规则的例行例外？我们该如何解释错误的信念，奇异的妄想和自我欺骗的情况？我们将详细探讨这个问题。首先，我们要对两种普遍的误解进行区分：一种是由于信念形成系统正常运行失灵所导致的（如妄想），另一种是由于该系统运作正常过程所引起的那些（如基于不完全的信念）或不正确的信息）。前者是生物学功能障碍或病理的实例，反映了进化设计的“可疑”局限性。尽管后一类包括“可原谅”有限设计的不良（但可忍受）副产品，但我们的采石场是该类别中有争议的子类：误解最好被视为设计特征。与偶然的幸运虚假不同，这种错误观念在进化的过去会被系统地适应。此外，这种错误的信念不能归结为明智的行动，而只能是坚定不移的行动政策。最后，这样的错误信念本身就是适应性的，不仅仅是适应性有偏见的产生错误的系统的副产品。我们探索了一系列可能导致不断发展的误解的候选人，并得出结论，在接受调查的人中，只有积极的幻觉符合我们的标准。

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