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首页> 外文期刊>IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering >Augmented Reality to Improve Surgical Simulation: Lessons Learned Towards the Design of a Hybrid Laparoscopic Simulator for Cholecystectomy
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Augmented Reality to Improve Surgical Simulation: Lessons Learned Towards the Design of a Hybrid Laparoscopic Simulator for Cholecystectomy

机译：增强现实技术，以改善手术模拟：胆囊切除术的混合腹腔镜模拟器设计的经验教训

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摘要

Hybrid surgical simulators based on augmented reality (AR) solutions benefit from the advantages of both the box trainers and the virtual reality simulators. This paper reports on the results of a long development stage of a hybrid simulator for laparoscopic cholecystectomy that integrates real and the virtual components. We first outline the specifications of the AR simulator and then we explain the strategy adopted for implementing it based on a careful selection of its simulated anatomical components, and characterized by a real-time tracking of both a target anatomy and of the laparoscope. The former is tracked by means of an electromagnetic field generator, while the latter requires an additional camera for video tracking. The new system was evaluated in terms of AR visualization accuracy, realism, and hardware robustness. Obtained results show that the accuracy of AR visualization is adequate for training purposes. The qualitative evaluation confirms the robustness and the realism of the simulator. In conclusion, the proposed AR simulator satisfies all the initial specifications in terms of anatomical appearance, modularity, reusability, minimization of spare parts cost, and ability to record surgical errors and to track in real-time the Calot's triangle and the laparoscope. Thus, the proposed system could be an effective training tool for learning the task of identification and isolation of Calot's triangle in laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Moreover, the presented strategy could be applied to simulate other surgical procedures involving the task of identification and isolation of generic tubular structures, such as blood vessels, biliary tree, and nerves, which are not directly visible.
机译：基于增强现实（AR）解决方案的混合外科手术模拟器得益于盒子训练器和虚拟现实模拟器的优势。本文报告了一个集成了真实和虚拟组件的用于腹腔镜胆囊切除术的混合模拟器的长期开发成果。我们首先概述了AR仿真器的规格，然后在仔细选择其模拟解剖成分的基础上解释了实现它的策略，并以实时跟踪目标解剖结构和腹腔镜为特征。前者通过电磁场发生器进行跟踪，而后者则需要额外的摄像机进行视频跟踪。对新系统进行了AR可视化准确性，真实性和硬件健壮性方面的评估。获得的结果表明，AR可视化的准确性足以满足训练目的。定性评估证实了模拟器的鲁棒性和真实性。总之，在解剖学外观，模块性，可重复使用性，最小化备件成本以及记录手术错误以及实时跟踪Calot三角形和腹腔镜的能力方面，拟议的AR仿真器满足所有初始规格。因此，所提出的系统可以成为学习腹腔镜胆囊切除术中Calot三角形识别和分离任务的有效训练工具。此外，所提出的策略可以应用于模拟其他手术程序，这些程序涉及识别和隔离不直接可见的通用管状结构（例如血管，胆道树和神经）的任务。

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