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Der Einsatz von biologischen Alkoholmarkern in der Fahreignungs-begutachtung alkoholauffälliger Kraftfahrer

机译:在酒精驾驶者驾驶能力评估中使用生物酒精标记物

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摘要

Die Begutachtung der Fahreignung alkoholauffälliger Kraftfahrer stellt ein Mosaik aus medizinischen und psychologischen Untersuchungsmethoden dar. Physiologische Grundlagen, Möglichkeiten und Beschränkungen der hierbei zum Einsatz kommenden biologischen Alkoholmarker GGT, MCV, CDT, Ethylglucuronid und weiterer Marker werden im Hinblick auf die spezielle Fragestellung diskutiert. Berücksichtigt werden dabei u. a. auch die Möglichkeit einer artefiziellen Erhöhung des CDT durch inadäquate Lagerung der Blutprobe und die Frage des geeigneten Referenzbereiches von CDT für forensische Fragestellungen. Schließlich wird auf die Problematik der Kombination mehrerer Alkoholmarker und ihre Folgen für Spezifität und Sensitivität eingegangen.%Appraisals for regranting of licenses of DWI offenders resemble a mosaic, consisting of different medical and psychological examination methods. In order to detect an ongoing alcohol misuse or to verify an alleged tectota-lism, the medical examination routinely comprises the measurement of the alcohol markers GGT and MCV, sometimes supplemented by CDT. Due to the low positive predictive value and specificity of GGT, the quantification of the differentiation markers AST and ALT is inevitable to ascertain an alcohol misuse. Additionally, AST/ALT and GGT/AST ratios >2 suggest a hepatopathy caused by ethanol. The diagnostic specificity for an ethanol misuse of MCV is a little higher than of GGT. Nevertheless, a complete blood count is necessary to exclude a macrocytic anemia or other hematological diseases that may come along with macrocytosis. The time frame of MCV complies with the lifespan of erythrocytes and averages out 120 days. Therefore, short-term changes of drinking behavior are not recorded by this marker. Carbohydrate Deficient Transferrin (CDT) possesses a high specificity for alcohol misuse, but needs a special drinking pattern with a daily consume of 50 to 80 gram ethanol. For forensic purposes, an upper reference value of 3.3 % is suggested at use of the new %CDT immu-noassay of Axis-Shield (Oslo, Norway). The appraiser has to ensure that an artificial elevation of the CDT value (for example by storage of the blood sample at room temperature during the transport to the laboratory) can be excluded. Due to the low negative predictive value of CDT, CDT concentrations < 3.3 % are not qualified to reinforce an alleged teetotalism. This, however, can be achieved by ethyl glucuronide, a direct ethanol metabolite with a specificity for recent alcohol consumption of 100 %, which one can still find several hours after the end of alcohol consumption in blood and up to 80 hours in urine, depending on the initial concentration. As the expert has to bargain for drinking pauses an the occasion of the appraisal, he has to take notice of the time spans that different markers need for normalization. The question and the circumstances of the individual case specify the selection of the markers and their interpretation. The combination of two or more alcohol markers may lead to a extensive reduction of specificity, if the exceeding of the reference value by just one marker is considered to be sufficient to diagnose an alcohol misuse. A substantial reduction of sensitivity was the result, however, if the appraiser would claim that all markers have to exceed their reference spans to enable him to diagnose an alcohol misuse.
机译:对酒瘾者的驾驶适合性评估代表了医学和心理检查方法的结合,针对具体问题讨论了生物酒精标记物GGT,MCV,CDT,乙基葡糖醛酸苷等其他标记物的生理基础,可能性和限制。被考虑在内一个。还可能由于血液样本存储不足而人为增加CDT的可能性,以及法医问题CDT的适当参考范围的问题。最后,讨论了组合几种酒精标记物的问题及其对特异性和敏感性的影响。DWI罪犯执照再授予评估类似于马赛克,由不同的医学和心理检查方法组成。为了检测正在进行的酒精滥用或验证所谓的直肠病,医学检查通常包括对酒精标志物GGT和MCV的测量,有时还需补充CDT。由于GGT的低阳性预测值和特异性低,因此无法确定分化标志物AST和ALT的含量,以确保酒精滥用。此外,AST / ALT和GGT / AST比率> 2表示由乙醇引起的肝病。乙醇滥用MCV的诊断特异性比GGT高。然而,必须进行全血细胞计数以排除大细胞性贫血或可能伴随大细胞增多症发生的其他血液学疾病。 MCV的时间范围符合红细胞的寿命,平均为120天。因此,该标记未记录饮酒行为的短期变化。碳水化合物不足的转铁蛋白(CDT)对滥用酒精具有很高的特异性,但需要一种特殊的饮用方式,每天要消耗50至80克乙醇。出于法医目的,建议在使用Axis-Shield的新%CDT免疫测定法(挪威奥斯陆)时,将最高参考值为3.3%。鉴定人必须确保可以排除人为抬高CDT值的情况(例如,在运送到实验室期间在室温下保存血样)。由于CDT的阴性预测值低,因此CDT浓度<3.3%不符合强化所谓的全血统症的资格。然而,这可以通过葡萄糖醛酸内酯(一种直接对乙醇的新陈代谢具有100%的特异性的乙醇代谢物)来实现,这可以在血液中的酒精消耗结束后数小时以及尿液中长达80小时的时间找到,具体取决于在最初的浓度。由于专家必须在评估之际讨价还价以暂停饮酒,因此他必须注意不同标记物标准化所需的时间跨度。个案的问题和情况指定了标记的选择及其解释。如果仅将一个标记物超过参考值就足以诊断出酒精滥用,则将两种或更多种酒精标记物组合使用可能会导致特异性大大降低。但是,如果鉴定人声称所有标记物必须超过其参考范围才能使他能够诊断出酒精滥用,那么结果将导致灵敏度大大降低。

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