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Resilient urban forms: A review of literature on streets and street networks

机译：弹性的城市形式：有关街道和街道网络的文献综述

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Cities need to build on their resilience to deal with the combined effects of urbanization, changing geopolitical contexts, and climate change. The physical form of cities has significant implications for their capacity to deal with adverse events and changing conditions. This paper focuses on streets as major constituent elements of urban form. It offers a review of the theoretical discussions and empirical evidence on how design and configuration of urban streets and street networks can contribute to/detract from urban resilience. For the purpose of this study, measures related to urban streets are divided into two broad categories: network topology and design and orientation. Network topology is used to represent urban street network as a combination of nodes and links. Relationships between urban resilience and different centrality and connectivity measures related to network topology are discussed. The design and orientation category explores the possible effects of street width, street edges, street canyon geometry, and street layout and orientation on resilience of cities. It is discussed that all topology and design measures have implications for urban resilience. Appropriate physical form of urban streets can contribute to urban resilience by, among other things, ameliorating urban microclimate, reducing energy consumption and its associated Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions, enhancing social capital, improving community health and well-being, and facilitating rapid and effective emergency response in the aftermath of disasters. Overall, results provide insights about physical properties that are required to design resilient streets and street networks.
机译：城市需要增强自身的适应能力，以应对城市化，不断变化的地缘政治背景以及气候变化的综合影响。城市的自然形态对其应对不良事件和变化的条件的能力具有重大影响。本文将街道作为城市形态的主要构成要素。它回顾了有关城市街道和街道网络的设计和配置如何有助于/降低城市弹性的理论讨论和经验证据。出于本研究的目的，与城市街道有关的措施分为两大类：网络拓扑以及设计和定位。网络拓扑用于将城市街道网络表示为节点和链接的组合。讨论了城市弹性与网络拓扑相关的不同中心性和连通性措施之间的关系。设计和方向类别探讨了街道宽度，街道边缘，街道峡谷的几何形状以及街道布局和方向对城市弹性的可能影响。讨论的所有拓扑和设计措施都对城市弹性具有影响。适当的城市街道物理形态可通过改善城市小气候，减少能源消耗及其相关的温室气体（GHG）排放，增强社会资本，改善社区健康和福祉以及促进快速和健康的发展，从而提高城市的抗灾能力。灾难后的有效应急响应。总体而言，结果提供了有关设计弹性街道和街道网络所需的物理属性的见解。

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