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首页> 外文期刊>Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France >ASPECTS GENETIQUES DE LA DOMESTICATION
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ASPECTS GENETIQUES DE LA DOMESTICATION

机译：遗传学方面的方面

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According to PRICE (1984), domestication is a "process by which a population of animals becomes adapted to man and to the captive environment by some combination of genetic changes occurring over generations and environmentally induced developmental events reoccurring during each generation". The aim of the present paper is to survey the origins and evolution of the genetic components of the "domestic phenotype" by means of an integrated approach including analysis of the rather scarse archeological data, genetic comparisons of presently living domestic breeds to their contemporary wild relatives, and predictions of theoretical population genetics. Some of the genetic features of a domestic entity are related to the initial divergence of the founding populations from the bulk of the ancestral wild species. Among them are those characters that were selected by the first domesticators from the range of wild animals present in their neighbourhood, as well as selectively neutral traits (essentially molecular), subject to sampling effects. As a whole, the initial genetic variation within a domestic entity is less extensive than that of the wild ancestral species. It is expected that the present genetic structure of a domestic entity retains some footprints of the foundation effects, especially at the level of neutral molecular markers : this is examplified by recent works on the the evolution of domestic dog and cattle. Three main factors, strongly interacting with each other, are involved in the post-domestication genetic evolution. Natural selection, although relaxed to some extent, is now operating in new directions and is expected, for instance, to contribute to the emergence of positive social interactions and some regression of agonistic behaviour. Artificial selection, nowadays sustained by progress in quantitative genetics, has continuously improved the fitting of animal performances to human needs, largely contributing to the structuration of genetic diversity by means of the specialization of conspecific breeds. This structuration is moreover influenced by genetic drift. The relative roles of these factors are briefly discussed on the basis of examples dealing with diversity for colour (in most domestic animals), characters of economic importance in pigs and behavioural traits in Guinea pigs.
机译：根据PRICE（1984）的说法，驯化是“通过使几代人发生的遗传变化和每一代中反复发生的环境诱导的发育事件的某种组合，使动物种群适应人类和圈养环境的过程”。本文的目的是通过一种综合方法来调查“国内表型”遗传成分的起源和演变，包括分析相当稀缺的考古数据，目前生活的家养品种与其当代野生近缘种的遗传比较。 ，以及理论种群遗传学的预测。家庭实体的某些遗传特征与创始种群与多数祖先野生物种的最初分化有关。其中包括第一批驯养者从其附近存在的野生动物中选择的那些字符，以及选择性的中性特征（基本上是分子特征），这些特征会受到采样的影响。总体而言，与野生祖先物种相比，一个家庭内部的初始遗传变异没有那么广泛。可以预期，一个家庭实体的当前遗传结构会保留一些基础效应的足迹，尤其是在中性分子标记的水平上：最近关于家养狗和牛的进化的研究证明了这一点。驯养后的遗传进化涉及三个相互影响密切的主要因素。自然选择虽然在某种程度上有所放松，但现在正朝着新的方向发展，例如，有望促进积极的社会互动的出现和激动性行为的消退。如今，人工选择在定量遗传学方面取得了进展，不断改善了动物性能与人类需求的适应性，这主要是通过特定品种的专业化为遗传多样性的结构化做出了贡献。此外，这种结构受遗传漂移的影响。在涉及颜色多样性（在大多数家畜中），猪的经济重要性特征和豚鼠的行为特征的实例的基础上，简要讨论了这些因素的相对作用。

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