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Quantifying the completeness of and correspondence between two historical maps: a case study from nineteenth-century Palestine

机译：量化两个历史地图的完整性和对应性：以19世纪的巴勒斯坦为例

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摘要

Reconstructing past landscapes from historical maps requires quantifying the accuracy and completeness of these sources. The accuracy and completeness of two historical maps of the same period covering the same area in Israel were examined: the 1:63,360 British Palestine Exploration Fund map (1871-1877) and the 1:100,000 French Leves en Galilee (LG) map (1870). These maps cover the mountainous area of the Galilee (northern Israel), a region with significant natural and topographical diversity, and a long history of human presence. Land-cover features from both maps, as well as the contours drawn on the LG map, were digitized. The overall correspondence between land-cover features shown on both maps was 59% and we found that the geo-referencing method employed (transformation type and source of control points) did not significantly affect these correspondence measures. Both maps show that in the 1870s, 35% of the Galilee was covered by Mediterranean maquis, with less than 8% of the area used for permanent agricultural cropland (e.g., plantations). This article presents how the reliability of the maps was assessed by using two spatial historical sources, and how land-cover classes that were mapped with lower certainty and completeness are identified. Some of the causes that led to observed differences between the maps, including mapping scale, time of year, and the interests of the surveyors, are also identified.
机译：从历史地图重建过去的景观需要量化这些来源的准确性和完整性。考察了以色列境内同一地区的两张同一时期的历史地图的准确性和完整性：1：63,360的英国巴勒斯坦勘探基金地图（1871-1877）和1：100,000的法国列夫·加利利（LG）地图（1870年） ）。这些地图覆盖了加利利（以色列北部）的山区，该地区自然和地形地貌多样，人类历史悠久。将两张地图的土地覆盖特征以及LG地图上绘制的轮廓线都进行了数字化处理。两幅地图上显示的土地覆盖物之间的总体对应关系是59％，我们发现所采用的地理参考方法（转换类型和控制点来源）对这些对应措施的影响不大。这两张地图都显示，在1870年代，加利利群岛的35％被地中海侯爵所覆盖，不到8％的土地用于永久性农业耕地（例如，人工林）。本文介绍了如何通过使用两个空间历史来源来评估地图的可靠性，以及如何确定具有较低确定性和完整性的地表类别。还确定了导致观察到的地图之间差异的一些原因，包括地图比例，一年中的时间和测量员的兴趣。

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