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Origin of regional climate differences: role of boundary conditions and model formulation in two GCMs

机译：区域气候差异的成因：边界条件和模型制定在两个GCM中的作用

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摘要

Model differences in projections of extratropi-cal regional climate change due to increasing greenhouse gases are investigated using two atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs): ECHAM4 (Max Planck Institute, version 4) and CCM3 (National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model version 3). Sea-surface temperature (SST) fields calculated from observations and coupled versions of the two models are used to force each AGCM in experiments based on time-slice methodology. Results from the forced AGCMs are then compared to coupled model results from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 2 (CMIP2) database. The time-slice methodology is verified by showing that the response of each model to doubled CO_2 and SST forcing from the CMIP2 experiments is consistent with the results of the coupled GCMs. The differences in the responses of the models are attributed to (1) the different tropical SST warmings in the coupled simulations and (2) the different atmospheric model responses to the same tropical SST warmings. Both are found to have important contributions to differences in implied Northern Hemisphere (NH) winter extratropical regional 500 mb height and tropical precipitation climate changes. Forced teleconnection patterns from tropical SST differences are primarily responsible for sensitivity differences in the extratropical North Pacific, but have relatively little impact on the North Atlantic. There are also significant differences in the extratropical response of the models to the same tropical SST anomalies due to differences in numerical and physical parameterizations. Differences due to parameterizations dominate in the North Atlantic. Differences in the control climates of the two coupled models from the current climate, in particular for the coupled model containing CCM3, are also demonstrated to be important in leading to differences in extratropical regional sensitivity.
机译：使用两种大气总循环模型（AGCM）研究了由于温室气体增加而引起的对外区域气候变化预测的模型差异：ECHAM4（马克斯·普朗克研究所，版本4）和CCM3（国家大气研究社区中心气候模型3） ）。从观测和两个模型的耦合版本计算出的海面温度（SST）字段用于在基于时间切片方法的实验中强制每个AGCM。然后将来自强制AGCM的结果与来自“耦合模型比较项目2（CMIP2）”数据库的耦合模型结果进行比较。通过显示每个模型对CMIP2实验获得的CO_2和SST倍增强迫的响应与耦合GCM的结果一致，验证了时间切片方法。模型响应的差异归因于（1）耦合模拟中不同的热带SST增温，以及（2）对相同热带SST增温的不同大气模型响应。发现两者都对隐含的北半球冬季热带外地区高度500 mb和热带降水气候变化的差异有重要贡献。热带SST差异引起的强迫遥距模式主要是造成温带北太平洋敏感性差异的原因，但对北大西洋的影响相对较小。由于数值和物理参数设置的差异，模型对相同热带SST异常的温带响应也存在显着差异。由于参数化的差异在北大西洋占主导地位。两个耦合模型的控制气候与当前气候的差异，特别是对于包含CCM3的耦合模型，也被证明对导致温带地区敏感性的差异很重要。

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