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'Little Ice Age' Research: A Perspective from Iceland

机译：“小冰河时代”研究：冰岛的视角

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The development during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries of the sciences of meteorology and climatology and their subdisciplines has made possible an ever-increasing understanding of the climate of the past. In particular, the refinement of palaeoclimatic proxy data has meant that the climate of the past thousand years has begun to be extensively studied. In the context of this research, it has often been suggested that a warm epoch occurred in much of northern Europe, the north Atlantic, and other parts of the world, from around the ninth through the fourteenth centuries, and that this was followed by a decline in temperatures culminating in a "Little Ice Age" from about 1550 to 1850 (see e.g. Lamb, 1965, 1977; Flohn, 1978). The appelations "Medieval Warm Period" and "Little Ice Age" have entered the literature and are frequently used without clear definition. More recently, however, these terms have come under closer scrutiny (see, e.g. Ogilvie, 1991, 1992; Bradley and Jones, 1992; Mikami, 1992; Briffa and Jones, 1993; Bradley and Jones, 1993; Hughes and Diaz, 1994; Jones et al., 1998; Mann et al., 1999; Crowley and Lowery, 2000). As research continues into climatic fluctuations over the last 1000 to 2000 years, a pattern is emerging which suggests a far more complex picture than early research into the history of climate suggested. In this paper, the origins of the term "Little Ice Age" are considered. Because of the emphasis on the North Atlantic in this volume, the prime focus is on research that has been undertaken in this region, with a perspective on the historiography of historical climatology in Iceland as well as on the twentieth-century climate of Iceland. The phrase "Little Ice Age" has become part of the scientific and popular thinking on the climate of the past thousand years. However, as knowledge of the climate of the Holocene continues to grow, the term now seems to cloud rather than clarify thinking on the climate of the past thousand years. It is hoped that the discussion here will encourage future researchers to focus their thinking on exactly and precisely what is meant when the term "Little Ice Age" is used.
机译：在19世纪和20世纪，气象学和气候学及其子学科的发展使人们对过去的气候有了越来越多的了解。特别是，古气候代用资料的完善意味着过去一千年的气候已开始被广泛研究。在这项研究的背景下，经常有人提出，从第九个世纪到第十四个世纪，在北欧，北大西洋和世界其他地区都发生了一个暖和的时期，随后是温度的下降最终导致“小冰河时代”从大约1550年到1850年（例如参见Lamb，1965，1977； Flohn，1978）。 “中世纪暖期”和“小冰河时期”这两个称谓已进入文献，经常在没有明确定义的情况下使用。然而，最近，对这些术语进行了更严格的审查（参见，例如，Ogilvie，1991，1992； Bradley和Jones，1992； Mikami，1992； Briffa和Jones，1993； Bradley和Jones，1993； Hughes和Diaz，1994； Hardes和Diaz，1994。 Jones等，1998； Mann等，1999； Crowley和Lowery，2000）。随着过去1000到2000年间对气候波动的研究继续，一种模式正在出现，这表明远比早期对气候历史的研究更为复杂。本文考虑了“小冰河时代”一词的由来。由于本卷着重介绍北大西洋，因此主要关注该地区已进行的研究，并着眼于冰岛历史气候学的史学和冰岛的二十世纪气候。 “小冰河时代”一词已成为过去一千年来气候科学和流行思想的一部分。但是，随着对全新世气候的认识不断增长，现在这个词似乎笼罩而不是澄清对过去一千年的气候的思考。希望这里的讨论将鼓励未来的研究人员将他们的思考重点放在使用“小冰河时代”一词的含义上。

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