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New estimation of the gross domestic product in Baltic countries in 1913-1938

机译:1913 - 1938年波罗的海国家国内生产总值的新估算

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Using the demand-side approach we provide new estimates of output per capita for Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania in 1913, 1922, 1929, and 1938. Our findings suggest that the levels of real output per capita in Estonia and Latvia were much above the all-Russian mean in 1913. In 1938, the output per capita of Estonia and Latvia surpassed the prewar level by up to 20%, but the total output of Latvia did not reach this mark because of population reduction. Structural changes in the interwar Estonian and Latvian economies explain long postwar recovery and modest growth beyond the prewar levels. In 1892-1914, there was export-oriented industrialization of Latvia, resembling the development of Eastern Asian "tigers" in the late twentieth century. By 1914, mainland Latvia was an "entrepot industrial economy," created mainly by the foreign direct investments of Western companies that established their subsidiaries there beyond the Russian protective customs wall. After the loss of the Russian market, Latvia and Estonia partially deindustrialized and reagrarized, while the interwar independence period was too short for policies of "Denmarkization" to bring about strong catching-up growth. Therefore, their standing in the international ranking according to output per capita did not improve over the 1913-1938 period. Lithuanian output per capita stagnated until 1929 because of infraction of its economic integrity by the loss of the Vilnius area and difficulties of economic integration of the formerly German Klaipeda (Memel) region, but did grow rapidly in 1930s up to 40% of 1913 level by 1938.
机译:利用需求侧方法,我们为1913年,1922年,1929年和1938年提供了对爱沙尼亚,拉脱维亚和立陶宛人均产出的新估计。我们的研究结果表明,爱沙尼亚和拉脱维亚人均实际产出水平远远高于全俄均为1913年。1938年,爱沙尼亚和拉脱维亚人均产出超过了预警水平,高达20%,但由于人口减少,拉脱维亚的总产量没有达到这个标志。交织中的爱沙尼亚人和拉脱维亚经济体的结构变化解释了长期战后恢复和超越预警水平的谦虚增长。 1892年至1914年,出口导向的拉脱维亚工业化,类似于二十世纪末的东亚“老虎”的发展。到1914年,拉脱维亚大陆是一个“因托特工业经济”,主要由西方公司的外国直接投资创造,该公司在那里建立了他们的子公司,超出了俄罗斯保护海关墙。在俄罗斯市场丧失之后,拉脱维亚和爱沙尼亚部分地防和失败,而交织的独立期对于“丹衡化”的政策来说太短暂,以实现强烈的追赶增长。因此,根据人均产出的国际排名在1913年至1938年期间没有改善。立陶宛人均产出持续到1929年由于其经济诚信因丧失维尔纽斯地区的经济诚信以及前者德国克莱佩达(议讯)地区的经济融合困难,但在20世纪30年代迅速增长,占1913年的40% 1938年。

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