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Journalists' Incentives and Media Coverage of Elite Foreign Policy Evaluations

机译：优秀外交政策评估的记者奖励措施和媒体报道

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Scholars have long recognized that public support for presidential uses of military force depends critically on elite support. Similarly, scholars have argued that the media "index" their coverage of foreign policy to reflect the responses of partisan (particularly congressional) elites. We argue that journalists' choices also play an important role by systematically (and predictably) skewing the elite rhetoric presented to the public. In particular, we argue that criticism of the president by his own party is disproportionately likely to be broadcast-particularly in unified government-and that such criticism should be exceptionally persuasive to citizens. To separate the media's independent effect from that of the actual tenor of elite discourse, as presented in the news, we investigate all interviews with members of Congress on network television Sunday morning political interview shows between 1980 and 2003. We then determine which comments were selected for inclusion on the evening news and compare the characteristics of such comments with those that were not selected, both during periods immediately following major US uses of military force and during "normal" periods. We find that the evening news presents a biased sample of elite rhetoric, heavily over-representing criticism of the president by his own party, while under-representing supportive rhetoric. Our findings indicate that future studies of public opinion and US foreign policy must take into account the intervening role of journalists, who function as strategic, self-interested gatekeepers of public information regarding foreign policy events.
机译：长期以来，学者们一直认为，公​​众对总统使用武力的支持主要取决于精英支持。同样，学者们认为，媒体“索引”他们对外交政策的报道，以反映党派（特别是国会）精英的反应。我们认为，新闻记者的选择也通过系统地（并且可以预见地）歪曲呈现给公众的精英言论而发挥重要作用。特别是，我们认为，总统对自己总统的批评极有可能在广播中传播，尤其是在统一政府中，这种批评应该对公民特别有说服力。为了将媒体的独立影响与实际新闻中所讲的精英话语的影响分开，我们调查了1980年至2003年之间在网络电视上与国会议员进行的所有采访，这些采访是在周日上午的政治访谈节目中进行的。然后，我们确定选择了哪些评论包括在晚间新闻中，并在美国紧随其后使用军事力量的时期和“正常”时期将这些评论的特征与未选择的评论进行比较。我们发现，晚间新闻呈现了一些带有偏见的精英言论，在很大程度上代表了他自己的政党对总统的批评，而对支持性言论的代表却不足。我们的发现表明，未来对舆论和美国外交政策的研究必须考虑到新闻记者的干预作用，他们是有关外交政策事件的公共信息的战略性，自私自利的守门人。

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