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A Conceptual Analysis of the Application of Tradable Permits to Biodiversity Conservation

机译：可交易许可证在生物多样性保护中的应用的概念分析

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Abstract: Tradable permits have been applied in many areas of environmental policy and may be a response to increasing calls for flexible conservation instruments that successfully conserve biodiversity while allowing for economic development. The idea behind applying tradable permits to conservation is that developers wishing to turn land to economic purposes, thereby destroying valuable habitat, may only do so if they submit a permit to the conservation agency showing that habitat of at least the equivalent ecological value is restored elsewhere. The developer himself does not need to carry out the restoration, but may buy a permit from a third party, thus allowing a market to emerge. Nevertheless, the application of tradable permits to biodiversity conservation is a complex issue because destroyed and restored habitats are likely to differ. There may be various trade-offs between the ecological requirements that destroyed and restored habitats be as similar as possible, and the need for a certain level of market activity to have a functioning trading system. The success of tradable permits as an instrument for reconciling the conflicts between economic development and conservation depends on the existence of certain economic, institutional, and ecological preconditions, for example, a functioning institutional framework, sufficient expert knowledge, and adequate monitoring and enforcement mechanisms.
机译：摘要：可交易的许可证已在环境政策的许多领域得到应用，这可能是对日益增长的对灵活的保护手段的呼吁的回应，这种手段成功地保护了生物多样性，同时又促进了经济发展。将可交易许可用于保护的背后思想是，希望将土地转用于经济目的，从而破坏宝贵的栖息地的开发商，只有向许可机构提交许可证，证明至少在其他地方恢复了具有同等生态价值的栖息地，才可能这样做。 。开发人员本人不需要进行恢复，而是可以从第三方购买许可证，从而允许市场出现。然而，将可交易许可证应用于生物多样性保护是一个复杂的问题，因为被破坏和恢复的生境可能会有所不同。在破坏和恢复栖息地的生态要求与尽可能相似的生态要求与一定水平的市场活动以拥有有效的交易系统之间的需求之间可能存在各种折衷。可交易许可证能否成功地作为调和经济发展与保护之间冲突的手段，取决于是否存在某些经济，体制和生态前提条件，例如，有效的体制框架，足够的专家知识以及适当的监督和执行机制。

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