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首页> 外文期刊>Coral Reefs >A map of human impacts to a “pristine” coral reef ecosystem, the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument
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A map of human impacts to a “pristine” coral reef ecosystem, the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument

机译：人类对“原始”珊瑚礁生态系统Papahānaumokuākea海洋国家纪念碑的影响图

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Effective and comprehensive regional-scale marine conservation requires fine-grained data on the spatial patterns of threats and their overlap. To address this need for the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument (Monument) in Hawaii, USA, spatial data on 14 recent anthropogenic threats specific to this region were gathered or created, including alien species, bottom fishing, lobster trap fishing, ship-based pollution, ship strike risks, marine debris, research diving, research equipment installation, research wildlife sacrifice, and several anthropogenic climate change threats i.e., increase in ultraviolet (UV) radiation, seawater acidification, the number of warm ocean temperature anomalies relevant to disease outbreaks and coral bleaching, and sea level rise. These data were combined with habitat maps and expert judgment on the vulnerability of different habitat types in the Monument to estimate spatial patterns of current cumulative impact at 1 ha (0.01 km2) resolution. Cumulative impact was greatest for shallow reef areas and peaked at Maro Reef, where 13 of the 14 threats overlapped in places. Ocean temperature variation associated with disease outbreaks was found to have the highest predicted impact overall, followed closely by other climate-related threats, none of which have easily tractable management solutions at the regional scale. High impact threats most tractable to regional management relate to ship traffic. Sensitivity analyses show that the results are robust to both data availability and quality. Managers can use these maps to (1) inform management and surveillance priorities based on the ranking of threats and their distributions, (2) guide permitting decisions based on cumulative impacts, and (3) choose areas to monitor for climate change effects. Furthermore, this regional analysis can serve as a case study for managers elsewhere interested in assessing and mapping region-specific cumulative human impacts.
机译：有效而全面的区域尺度的海洋保护需要关于威胁及其重叠的空间模式的细粒度数据。为了满足对美国夏威夷州Papahānaumokuākea海洋国家纪念碑（纪念碑）的需求，收集或创建了有关该地区最近14种人为威胁的空间数据，包括外来物种，海底捕鱼，龙虾陷阱捕鱼，船基污染，船舶罢工的风险，海洋垃圾，研究潜水，研究设备的安装，研究野生生物的牺牲以及几种人为气候变化的威胁，即紫外线辐射的增加，海水酸化，与疾病暴发和珊瑚有关的温暖的海洋温度异常的数量漂白，海平面上升。这些数据与栖息地地图和专家对纪念碑中不同栖息地类型的脆弱性的判断相结合，以估计1公顷（0.01 km 2 ）分辨率下当前累积影响的空间格局。累积影响对浅礁地区最大，并在马洛礁达到顶峰，在14个威胁中有13个重叠。发现与疾病暴发相关的海洋温度变化总体上具有最高的预测影响，其次是其他与气候相关的威胁，在区域范围内，没有任何一种易于控制的解决方案。区域管理最容易处理的高影响力威胁与船舶交通有关。敏感性分析表明，结果对于数据可用性和质量均很可靠。管理者可以使用这些地图来（1）根据威胁的等级及其分布来告知管理和监视优先级；（2）根据累积影响来指导许可决策；以及（3）选择区域来监测气候变化的影响。此外，该区域分析还可以作为其他地区的管理人员的案例研究，这些管理人员对评估和绘制特定于区域的累积人类影响感兴趣。

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