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首页> 外文期刊>Cultural Geographies >Pests, keystone species, and hungry ghosts: the Gesar epic and human-pika relations on the Tibetan Plateau
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Pests, keystone species, and hungry ghosts: the Gesar epic and human-pika relations on the Tibetan Plateau

机译：害虫，梯形物种和饥饿的鬼魂：北方史诗和人类Pika关系的藏族高原

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摘要

For over half a century, the Chinese government has carried out large-scale poisoning campaigns on the Tibetan Plateau in an effort to exterminate the plateau pika, which is viewed as a pest that competes with livestock and causes grassland degradation. Since the 1990s, an ecological counternarrative has emerged in which pikas are keystone species rather than pests, and indicators rather than prime causes of grassland degradation. Virtually ignored in this debate are the ways in which Tibetan pastoralists understand and relate to pikas. We investigate Tibetan analytics of what pikas are, and what draws them to specific sites, based on interviews and observations in two pastoral communities, as well as readings of the Epic of King Gesar. Performed by bards since the twelfth century, the epic is grounded in the cultural milieu of Tibetan nomadic society and continues to be an important part of everyday life. As such, it shapes Tibetan analytics, a term we use to refer to forms of reason that cannot be reduced to ‘cultural belief.’ Because large numbers of pikas, as hungry ghosts, are drawn to places where the essence or fertility of the earth has been depleted, causing irritation to territorial deities, Tibetan practices include rituals to feed hungry ghosts, appease territorial deities, and return treasures to restore the fertility of the earth. Bringing Tibetan analytics together with proposals for political ontology, the article examines the ways in which these different ontologies, or practices of worlding, cooperate and conflict in a context of asymmetric power relations and non-liberal recognition of difference. This approach takes seriously both the agency of the nonhuman as well as human difference, while rejecting notions of rigidly bounded ontologies.
机译：超过半个世纪的人，中国政府在藏高的高原上进行了大规模的中毒活动，以消灭高原Pika，这被视为与牲畜竞争的害虫，并导致草地退化。自20世纪90年代以来，出现了一种生态结局，其中Pikas是基石物种而非害虫，以及指标而不是草地退化的主要原因。在这场辩论中几乎忽略了藏牧师的理解和与Pikas有关的方式。我们调查西藏分析Pikas的分析，以及根据两位牧师社区的访谈和观察，以及杰拉尔史诗史诗的读物来描绘他们的特定网站。自第十二世纪以来吟游诗人表演，史诗在藏族游牧民族的文化环境中基于，并继续成为日常生活的重要组成部分。因此，它塑造了藏族分析，是指我们用来指的是无法减少到“文化信仰”的原因形式的术语。已经耗尽，对领土部门造成刺激，藏人的做法包括养殖饥饿的仪式，安抚领土性，并回报珍品来恢复地球的生育能力。本文将西藏分析与政治本体论的建议一起培养了这些不同本体的方式，在非对称权力关系和非自由主义差异中的世界，合作和冲突的方式。这种方法严重涉及非人的原子能机构以及人类差异，同时拒绝刚性有界本体的概念。

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