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Innate Immunity in the Skin: How Keratinocytes Fight Against Pathogens

机译：皮肤的先天免疫力：角质形成细胞如何对抗病原体

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摘要

The human skin is constantly exposed to a large number of external pathogens, due to the daily contact with the environment. The observation that extensive skin infections are relatively rare suggests the presence of an efficient host defense system at the skin surface. While the physical barrier function of the epidermis was formerly believed to play the major role in the protection against infections, the recent description of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and antimicrobial peptides in the epidermis indicates that keratinocytes play an active role in innate immunity. To date TLR1, TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR5, TLR6 and TLR9 have been described to be expressed in a constitutive or inducible manner in keratinocytes and to mediate the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Recognition of PAMPs results in the production of proinflammatory mediators such as cytokines, chemokines and antimicrobial peptides in keratinocytes. Recent findings indicate the importance of these peptides as effector molecules of innate immunity, but also as regulators of acquired immune responses, inflammation and wound repair. This review considers the current findings regarding TLR expression in the epidermis and the role these receptors might serve in host defense. Finally, the clinical relevance of the functions of keratinocytes in the innate immunity will be discussed in this review.
机译：由于每天与环境接触，人类皮肤不断暴露于大量外部病原体。大量皮肤感染相对罕见的观察表明，皮肤表面存在有效的宿主防御系统。虽然以前认为表皮的物理屏障功能在预防感染中起主要作用，但最近对表皮中Toll样受体（TLR）和抗菌肽的描述表明角质形成细胞在先天免疫中起积极作用。迄今为止，已经描述了TLR1，TLR2，TLR3，TLR4，TLR5，TLR6和TLR9在角质形成细胞中以组成型或诱导型表达，并介导病原体相关分子模式（PAMP）的识别。 PAMPs的识别导致角质形成细胞中促炎性介质如细胞因子，趋化因子和抗菌肽的产生。最近的发现表明这些肽作为先天免疫的效应分子，而且还作为获得性免疫应答，炎症和伤口修复的调节剂的重要性。这篇综述考虑了有关表皮中TLR表达的当前发现以及这些受体可能在宿主防御中的作用。最后，本文将讨论角质形成细胞在先天免疫中的功能的临床意义。

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