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首页> 外文期刊>Current Immunology Reviews >Exosomes: Specific Intercellular Nano-Shuttles?
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Exosomes: Specific Intercellular Nano-Shuttles?

机译：外泌体：特定的细胞间纳米穿梭？

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The term “exosome” was coined in 1981 (Trams et al, Biochim Biophys Acta, 1981, 645:63) when the presence of “exfoliated membrane vesicles with 5'-nucleotidase activity” was first reported. Since then, in the biomedical literature the term exosome has evolved to designate both the above mentioned small vesicles of endocytic origin and the 3'- > 5' exonuclease complex involved in RNA processing and degradation. In the present review we will focus on the original definition of exosomes and particularly on their emerging role as intercellular signaling devices.nnExosomes are secreted by a variety of cells, particularly antigen-presenting cells such as DCs, B cells and macrophages. Enriched in MHC class I and II antigens and costimulatory molecules, they are considered to be an alternative pathway of antigen delivery and presentation. The use of exosomes engineered to prime the immune system against tumor antigens is a promising new arm of cancer immunotherapy. On the other hand, exosomes released by the tumor itself may provoke a tolerogenic response. Participation of exosomes in other immune mechanisms, such as platelet activation, mast cell degranulation, germinal center reaction and engulfment of apoptotic cells has also been postulated.nnAn evolutionary link between retroviruses and exosomes has recently been proposed. In general, viruses can use the host's intracellular machinery for their budding, and exosomes may constitute a vehicle for transmission of pathogens and interaction with the immune system. A deeper knowledge of the cells targeted by exosomes and the mechanisms governing these interactions will give a clear picture of the role of exosomes as intercellular messengers.
机译：术语“外泌体”是在1981年提出的（Trams等，Biochim Biophys Acta，1981，645：63），当时首次报道了“具有5'-核苷酸酶活性的脱落的膜囊泡”的存在。从那时起，在生物医学文献中，术语外来体已经演变为既指上述内吞来源的小囊泡，又指涉及RNA加工和降解的3'-> 5'核酸外切酶复合物。在本综述中，我们将关注外泌体的原始定义，尤其是它们作为细胞间信号传导装置的新兴作用。nnExosome由多种细胞分泌，尤其是抗原呈递细胞，例如DC，B细胞和巨噬细胞。富含MHC I类和II类抗原和共刺激分子，它们被视为抗原传递和呈递的替代途径。被设计用来启动针对肿瘤抗原的免疫系统的外来体的使用是癌症免疫疗法的有希望的新手段。另一方面，由肿瘤本身释放的外泌体可能引起致耐受性反应。外泌体还参与了其他免疫机制，例如血小板活化，肥大细胞脱粒，生发中心反应和凋亡细胞吞噬。nn最近提出了逆转录病毒与外泌体之间的进化联系。通常，病毒可以利用宿主的细胞内机制使其出芽，而外来体可能构成病原体传播和与免疫系统相互作用的媒介。对外泌体靶向细胞的更深入了解以及控制这些相互作用的机制将清楚地揭示外泌体作为细胞间信使的作用。

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