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Signaling by ITIM-Bearing Receptors

机译：携带ITIM的受体发出信号

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摘要

In order to respond adequately to pathogens without damaging the host, a balance between activating and inhibitory signals is required in the immune system. Over the past years a large number of inhibitory immune receptors has been identified. Most of these receptors contain one or several Immuno receptor Tyrosine-based Inhibitory Motif (ITIM)s in the intracellular part. These ITIMs recruit SH2 domaincontaining phosphatases, which can inhibit cellular activation. Studies using knock out mice have shown that ITIM-bearing receptors have crucial and non-redundant roles in the regulation of the immune system. However, the question remains why so many different ITIM-bearing receptors are required. ITIM-bearing receptors differ in their expression patterns and recognize different ligands, thus allowing for negative regulation at different levels and stages of an immune response. In addition, ITIM-bearing receptors may deliver different signals to the cell. Apart from the SH2 domain-containing phosphatases several ITIM-bearing receptors recruit other molecules that contribute to their function. In this review we will give an overview of the current model of ITIM-mediated signaling and discuss that alternative pathways may be used by ITIM-bearing receptors.
机译：为了在不损害宿主的情况下充分响应病原体，免疫系统中需要在激活信号和抑制信号之间取得平衡。在过去的几年中，已经发现了许多抑制性免疫受体。这些受体中的大多数在细胞内部分包含一种或几种免疫受体基于酪氨酸的抑制基元（ITIM）。这些ITIM募集含有SH2结构域的磷酸酶，可以抑制细胞活化。使用基因敲除小鼠的研究表明，携带ITIM的受体在免疫系统的调节中具有关键和非冗余的作用。然而，问题仍然是为什么需要这么多不同的带有ITIM的受体。带有ITIM的受体的表达方式不同，并且识别不同的配体，因此可以在免疫应答的不同水平和阶段进行负调控。另外，带有ITIM的受体可以向细胞传递不同的信号。除了含有SH2域的磷酸酶外，一些带有ITIM的受体还募集了其他有助于其功能的分子。在这篇综述中，我们将概述ITIM介导的信号传导的当前模型，并讨论带有ITIM的受体可能使用的替代途径。

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