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Shh and Gremlin1 chromosomal landscapes in development and disease

机译:Shh和Gremlin1在发育和疾病中的染色体景观

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Two regulatory signals play major roles in digit patterning during vertebrate limb development, the SHH morphogen and the BMP antagonist Gremlin1. Their dynamic expression in limb buds is controlled by distant c/s-regulatory elements embedded in unrelated neighboring genes, which has confused identification of the primary cause of different types of congenital limb malformations affecting mice and humans. Comparative and functional genomics have uncovered the large and complex chromosomal landscapes that control Shh and Gremlin1 expression, identified the molecular cause of the congenital malformations and provided insights into limb evolution. While most of the transacting factors remain unknown, Hoxd proteins have been shown to bind to the far upstream Shh cis-regulatory elements and activate their expression in limb buds.
机译:SHH形态发生因子和BMP拮抗剂Gremlin1在脊椎动物肢体发育过程中的两个数字信号模式中扮演着重要角色。它们在肢芽中的动态表达受嵌入无关基因中的远距离c / s调控元件的控制,这已经混淆了影响小鼠和人类的不同类型的先天性肢体畸形的主要原因。比较基因组学和功能基因组学已经发现了控制Shh和Gremlin1表达的大型复杂染色体景观,确定了先天畸形的分子原因,并提供了对肢体进化的见解。尽管大多数交易因子仍是未知的,但已显示Hoxd蛋白与远端Shh顺式调控元件结合并激活其在肢芽中的表达。

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