India and Pakistan gained independence in 1947 amid chaos and violence. All assets including armed forces were divided between the two countries. Both countries inherited intelligence agencies set up by British colonial authority. In British India, the most effective intelligence set up was civilian. Main concern of the authorities was attempts to tamper with the loyalty or neutrality of general population against the established order run by an alien colonial government. Intelligence Bureau (IB), manned by police officers was responsible for informing higher authorities about the currents of the society. IB had its reach to the lowest levels of the society. Military Intelligence (Ml) dealt with internal discipline of the army.
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