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The Iraqi Kurdish Peshmerga: military reform and nation-building in a divided polity

机译：伊拉克库尔德·皮布尔梅尔：军事改革和民族建设在划分的政治中

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During the war against Islamic State from 2014 to 2017 the Iraqi Kurdish Peshmerga became important local allies of the United States and its international partners, playing a significant role in the eventual defeat of Islamic State. In 2017, backed by the US and its Western allies, the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) agreed plans to reform and modernize the Peshmerga. This article provides an analysis of this reform process. Reform is severely constrained by two problems. First, the continuing soft civil war between Iraqi Kurdistan's two main political parties, the Kurdish Democratic Party (KDP) and the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK), within which both parties view their maintenance of independent Peshmerga forces as central to their power and political survival. Second, the heroic-mythic status of the Peshmerga within Iraqi Kurdish society, which makes it difficult to convert the Peshmerga into a "normal" military force. Reform efforts to date have not addressed these issues. Until such time as the deep political divide between the KDP and the PUK is addressed, Peshmerga reform is unlikely to make significant progress - the military cart cannot be put before the political horse.
机译：在反对伊斯兰国至2017年的战争，从2014年伊拉克库尔德自由斗士成为美国及其国际伙伴的重要盟友地方，打在伊斯兰国的最终落败显著的作用。 2017年，背靠美国及其西方盟友，库尔德地区政府（KRG）商定的计划，以改革和现代化的自由斗士。本文提供了这一改革进程的分析。改革受到严重的两个问题的制约。首先，伊拉克库尔德斯坦地区的两个主要政党之间的持续柔软的内战，库尔德民主党（KDP）和库尔德斯坦爱国联盟（PUK），其内双方都查看自己的独立自由斗士的力量维护中央对他们的权力和政治生存。其次，自由斗士的伊拉克库尔德社会中的英雄 - 神话般的地位，这使得它很难在自由斗士转换成一个“正常”的军事力量。改革的努力至今没有解决这些问题。在此之前的KDP和PUK之间的深刻的政治鸿沟正在解决，自由斗士改革是不太可能显著的进步 - 军事车不能在政治马前放。

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