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首页> 外文期刊>BMC Veterinary Research >Tolerance of fungal infection in European water frogs exposed to Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis after experimental reduction of innate immune defenses
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Tolerance of fungal infection in European water frogs exposed to Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis after experimental reduction of innate immune defenses

机译：实验性降低先天免疫防御能力后，欧洲水蛙暴露于Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis的真菌耐受性

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Background While emerging diseases are affecting many populations of amphibians, some populations are resistant. Determining the relative contributions of factors influencing disease resistance is critical for effective conservation management. Innate immune defenses in amphibian skin are vital host factors against a number of emerging pathogens such as ranaviruses and the amphibian chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis ( Bd ). Adult water frogs from Switzerland ( Pelophylax esculentus and P. lessonae ) collected in the field with their natural microbiota intact were exposed to Bd after experimental reduction of microbiota, skin peptides, both, or neither to determine the relative contributions of these defenses. Results Naturally-acquired Bd infections were detected in 10/51 P. lessonae and 4/19 P. esculentus , but no disease outbreaks or population declines have been detected at this site. Thus, this population was immunologically primed, and disease resistant. No mortality occurred during the 64 day experiment. Forty percent of initially uninfected frogs became sub-clinically infected upon experimental exposure to Bd. Reduction of both skin peptide and microbiota immune defenses caused frogs to gain less mass when exposed to Bd than frogs in other treatments. Microbiota-reduced frogs increased peptide production upon Bd infection. Ranavirus was undetectable in all but two frogs that appeared healthy in the field, but died within a week under laboratory conditions. Virus was detectable in both toe-clips and internal organs. Conclusion Intact skin microbiota reduced immune activation and can minimize subclinical costs of infection. Tolerance of Bd or ranavirus infection may differ with ecological conditions.
机译：背景技术虽然新兴疾病正在影响许多两栖动物种群，但其中一些种群具有抗药性。确定影响抗病性的因素的相对贡献对于有效的保护管理至关重要。两栖动物皮肤中的先天免疫防御是抵抗许多新兴病原体（如蛙病毒和两栖类chytrid真菌Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis（Bd））的重要宿主因素。在实验中减少了微生物群，皮肤肽（或两者兼而有之）后，在田间采集的具有天然微生物群完整的瑞士成年水蛙（Pelophylax esculentus和P. lessonae）暴露于Bd中，以确定这些防御措施的相对作用。结果在10/51 P. lessonae和4/19 P. esculentus中检测到自然获得性Bd感染，但在该部位未发现疾病暴发或种群减少。因此，该人群是免疫接种的，并且具有抗病性。在64天的实验中没有发生死亡。在实验性暴露于Bd后，最初未感染的青蛙中有40％变为亚临床感染。皮肤肽和微生物群免疫防御能力的降低导致青蛙在暴露于Bd时获得的质量比其他方法中的青蛙要少。微生物减少的青蛙在Bd感染后增加了肽的产生。除了两只青蛙，在野外看似健康的所有青蛙中均未检出鼻病毒，但在实验室条件下一周内死亡。在脚趾夹和内部器官中均可检测到病毒。结论完整的皮肤微生物群可减少免疫激活，并能最大程度地减少亚临床感染费用。 Bd或鼻病毒感染的耐受性可能因生态条件而异。

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