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Elemental analyses and source apportionment of PM2.5 and PM2.5–10 aerosols from Nigerian urban cities

机译:尼日利亚城市PM2.5和PM2.5-10气溶胶的元素分析和物源分配

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PM_(2.5) and PM_(2.5–10) aerodynamic diameters (x ?≤?2.5?μm) and (2.5?≥?x ?≤?10?μm) fractions in six Nigerian urban cities (Aba, Abuja, Lagos, Kano, Maiduguri and Port-Harcourt), were monitored using “Gent” stacked filter unit sampler in order to assess elemental concentrations and to perform source apportionment. Twenty-three elements; (Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Se, Br, Rb, Sr, Zr and Pb) were analysed with Ion beam analysis (IBA) based proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE) technique. In addition, enrichment factors (EF) and pollution indices (PI) calculations were performed on the elemental concentration data. Results indicated that the elemental concentration varied across the receptor sites with some elements higher than World Health Organization (WHO) guideline values. PM_(2.5–10) ranged from 9 to 45,243?ng?m~(?3) (Aba), 1 to 281?ng?m~(?3) (Abuja), 5 to 3,936?ng?m~(?3) (Kano), 6 to 3,872?ng?m~(?3) (Lagos), 6 to 19,106?ng?m~(?3) (Maiduguri) and 4 to 7,962?ng?m~(?3) (Port Harcourt) while PM_(2.5) ranged from 3 to 7,089?ng?m~(?3) (Aba), 1 to 139?ng?m~(?3), 2 to 480?ng?m~(?3), 1 to 153?ng?m~(?3), 1 to 427?ng?m~(?3) and 1 to 1,051?ng?m~(?3) (Port Harcourt). Principal Component Analysis resolved three (soil dust 50%; sea spray 22% and industrial 15%) and four components (soil dust 42%; biomass burning 24%; petroleum products combustion (15%) and industrial emission 5%) as PM_(2.5–10) and PM_(2.5) sources, respectively.
机译:尼日利亚六个城市城市(Aba)的PM_(2.5)和PM_(2.5-10)空气动力学直径分数( x?≤≤2.5?μm)和(2.5?≥?x?≤≤10?μm) ,阿布贾(Abuja),拉各斯(Lagos),卡诺(Kano),迈杜古里(Maiduguri)和哈科特港(Port-Harcourt))使用“根特”(Gent)堆叠式过滤器采样器进行监测,以评估元素浓度并进行源分配。二十三要素; (Na,Mg,Al,Si,P,S,Cl,K,Ca,Ti,V,Cr,Mn,Fe,Ni,Cu,Zn,Se,Br,Rb,Sr,Zr和Pb的分析)基于离子束分析(IBA)的质子诱导X射线发射(PIXE)技术。此外,对元素浓度数据进行了富集因子(EF)和污染指数(PI)的计算。结果表明,元素浓度随受体位点的不同而变化,某些元素的浓度高于世界卫生组织(WHO)的指导值。 PM_(2.5–10)的范围为9至45,243?ng?m〜(?3)(Aba),1至281?ng?m〜(?3)(阿布贾),5至3,936?ng?m〜(? 3)(Kano),6至3,872?ng?m〜(?3)(拉各斯),6至19,106?ng?m〜(?3)(Maiduguri)和4至7,962?ng?m〜(?3) (Harcourt港口),而PM_(2.5)的范围为3至7,089?ng?m〜(?3)(Aba),1至139?ng?m〜(?3),2至480?ng?m〜(? 3),1至153ng?m〜(?3),1至427?ng?m〜(?3)和1至1,051?ng?m〜(?3)(哈科特港)。主成分分析解决了三项(土壤粉尘为50%;海雾为22%,工业为15%)和四种成分(土壤粉尘为42%;生物质燃烧为24%;石油产品燃烧(为15%)和工业排放为5%)作为PM_( 2.5-10)和PM_(2.5)源。

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