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首页> 外文期刊>Advances in Geosciences >Hurricane Katrina as a "teachable moment"
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Hurricane Katrina as a "teachable moment"

机译：卡特里娜飓风是“可教的时刻”

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By American standards, New Orleans is a very old, very popular city in thesouthern part of the United States. It is located in Louisiana at the mouthof the Mississippi River, a river which drains about 40% of theContinental United States, making New Orleans a major port city. It is alsolocated in an area of major oil reserves onshore, as well as offshore, inthe Gulf of Mexico. Most people know New Orleans as a tourist hotspot;especially well-known is the Mardi Gras season at the beginning of Lent.People refer to the city as the "Big Easy". A recent biography of the cityrefers to it as the place where the emergence of modern tourism began. Amulticultural city with a heavy French influence, it was part of theLouisiana Purchase from France in early 1803, when the United States boughtit, doubling the size of the United States at that time.Today, in the year 2007, New Orleans is now known for the devastatingimpacts it withstood during the onslaught of Hurricane Katrina in lateAugust 2005. Eighty percent of the city was submerged under flood waters.Almost two years have passed, and many individuals and government agenciesare still coping with the hurricane's consequences. And insurance companieshave been withdrawing their coverage for the region.The 2005 hurricane season set a record, in the sense that there were 28named storms that calendar year. For the first time in hurricane forecasthistory, hurricane forecasters had to resort to the use of Greek letters toname tropical storms in the Atlantic and Gulf (Fig.~1).Hurricane Katrina was a Category 5 hurricane when it was in the middle ofthe Gulf of Mexico, after having passed across southern Florida. Atlandfall, Katrina's winds decreased in speed and it was relabeled as aCategory 4. It devolved into a Category 3 hurricane as it passed inland whenit did most of its damage. Large expanses of the city were inundated, manyparts under water on the order of 20 feet or so. The Ninth Ward, heavilypopulated by African Americans, was the site of major destruction, alongwith several locations along the Gulf coasts of the states of Mississippiand Alabama, as well as other parts of Louisiana coastal areas (Brinkley,2006).The number of deaths officially attributed to Hurricane Katrina was on theorder of 1800 to 2000 people. The cost of the hurricane in terms ofphysical damage has been estimated at about US $250 billion, the costliestnatural disaster in American history. It far surpassed the cost of HurricaneAndrew in 1992, the impacts of which were estimated to be about $20billion. It also surpassed the drought in the US Midwest in 1988, which wasestimated to have cost the country $40 billion, but no lives were lost.Some people have referred to Katrina as a "superstorm". It was truly asuperstorm in terms of the damage it caused and the havoc it caused longafter the hurricane's winds and rains had subsided. The effects of Katrinaare sure to be remembered for generations to come, as were the societal andenvironmental impacts of the severe droughts and Dust Bowl days of the 1930sin the US Great Plains.It is highly likely that the metropolitan area of New Orleans which peoplehad come to know in the last half of the 20th century will no longer exist,and a new city will likely replace it (one with a different culture). Giventhe likelihood of sea level rise on the order of tens of centimetersassociated with the human-induced global warming of the atmosphere, manypeople wonder whether New Orleans will be able to survive throughout the21st century without being plagued by several more tropical storms (Gill,2005). Some (e.g., Speaker of the US House of Representatives Hastert) haveeven questioned whether the city should be restored in light of thepotential impacts of global warming and the city's geographic vulnerabilityto tropical storms.
机译：按照美国的标准，新奥尔良是一个非常古老，非常受欢迎的城市，位于美国的南部。它位于路易斯安那州密西西比河河口，该河的水流约占美国大陆的40％，使新奥尔良成为主要的港口城市。它还位于墨西哥湾的陆上和海上主要石油储藏区。大多数人都知道新奥尔良是旅游热点;尤其是四旬期开始的狂欢节季节闻名。人们称这座城市为“大容易”。该城市的最新传记称其为现代旅游业兴起的地方。巴黎是多文化城市，在法国具有深远的影响力，它是1803年初美国从法国购买路易斯安那的一部分，当时美国将其购买，使当时的美国规模扩大了一倍。 今天，在2007年，现在，新奥尔良以其在2005年8月下旬的卡特里娜飓风袭击中所遭受的破坏性影响而闻名。该市80％的土地被洪水淹没。近两年过去了，许多个人和政府机构仍在应对飓风的后果。保险公司已经撤回了对该地区的保险。 2005年的飓风季节创下了纪录，即该日历年有28次强风暴。在飓风预报历史上，飓风预报员不得不首次使用希腊字母来命名大西洋和海湾的热带风暴（图〜1）。经过墨西哥南部之后，在墨西哥湾的中部。在陆地上，卡特里娜飓风的风速降低，并重新标记为类别4。当飓风对其造成大部分破坏时，它进入内陆时变成了3级飓风。城市的大片土地被淹没了，许多地方被淹没在20英尺左右。第九病区是非洲裔人口众多的地方，是密西西比州阿拉巴马州墨西哥湾沿岸以及路易斯安那州其他沿海地区的数处重大破坏地点（布林克利，2006年）。
正式归因于卡特里娜飓风的死亡人数约为1800至2000人。据估计，飓风造成的物理损失约为2500亿美元，这是美国历史上最昂贵的自然灾害。它远远超过了1992年安德鲁飓风的费用，据估计，造成的损失约为200亿美元。它还超过了1988年美国中西部的干旱，据估计该干旱给美国造成了400亿美元的损失，但没有造成任何生命损失。 有人将卡特里娜飓风称为“超级风暴”。从飓风和雨消退很久以后，就造成的破坏和破坏而言，这确实是一场超级风暴。卡特里娜飓风的影响肯定会世世代代铭记，美国大平原地区1930年代的严重干旱和沙尘暴日子对社会和环境的影响也是如此。 人们在20世纪后半叶认识的新奥尔良将不复存在，一个新城市可能会取代它（一个具有不同文化的城市）。鉴于海平面上升的可能性与人为引起的全球大气变暖相关，幅度为几十厘米，许多人怀疑新奥尔良是否能够在整个21世纪生存而不会受到更多热带风暴的困扰（Gill，2005年） 。一些人（例如，美国众议院议长哈斯特尔特议长）甚至质疑是否应根据全球变暖的潜在影响以及城市对热带风暴的地理脆弱性来恢复该城市。

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