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Advances in Transgenic Vegetable and Fruit Breeding

机译：转基因蔬菜水果育种研究进展

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Vegetables and fruits are grown worldwide and play an important role in human diets because they provide vitamins, minerals, dietary fiber, and phytochemicals. Vegetables and fruits are also associated with improvement of gastrointestinal health, good vision, and reduced risk of heart disease, stroke, chronic diseases such as diabetes, and some forms of cancer. Vegetable and fruit production suffers from many biotic stresses caused by pathogens, pests, and weeds and requires high amounts of plant protection products per hectare. United States vegetables farmers are benefiting from growing transgenic squash cultivars resistant to Zucchini yellow mosaic virus, Watermelon mosaic virus, and Cucumber mosaic virus, which were deregulated and commercialized since 1996. Bt-sweet corn has also proven effective for control of some lepidopteran species and continues to be accepted in the fresh market in the USA, and Bt-fresh-market sweet corn hybrids are released almost every year. Likewise, transgenic Bt-eggplant bred to reduce pesticide use is now grown by farmers in Bangladesh. Transgenic papaya cultivars carrying the coat-protein gene provide effective protection against Papaya ring spot virus elsewhere. The transgenic “Honey Sweet” plum cultivar provides an interesting germplasm source for Plum pox virus control. Enhanced host plant resistance to Xanthomonas campestris pv. musacearum, which causes the devastating banana Xanthomonas wilt in the Great Lakes Region of Africa, was achieved by plant genetic engineering. There are other vegetable and fruit crops in the pipeline that have been genetically modified to enhance their host plant resistance to insects and plant pathogens, to show herbicide tolerance, and to improve features such as slow ripening that extends the shelf-life of the produce. Consumers could benefit further from eating more nutritious transgenic vegetables and fruits. Transgenic plant breeding therefore provides genetically enhanced seed embedded technology that contributes to integrated pest management in horticulture by reducing pesticide sprays as well as improving food safety by minimizing pesticide residues. Furthermore, herbicide-tolerant transgenic crops can help reducing plough in fields, thereby saving fuel because of less tractor use, which also protects the structure of the soil by reducing its erosion. Transgenic vegetable and fruit crops could make important contributions to sustainable vegetable production and for more nutritious and healthy food. Countries vary, however, in their market standards of acceptance of transgenic crops. Biotechnology products will be successful if clear advantages and safety are demonstrated to both growers and consumers.
机译：蔬菜和水果在世界范围内种植，在人类饮食中起着重要作用，因为它们提供维生素，矿物质，膳食纤维和植物化学物质。蔬菜和水果还与改善肠胃健康，改善视力，降低心脏病，中风，慢性病（例如糖尿病）和某些形式的癌症的风险有关。蔬菜和水果的生产受到病原体，害虫和杂草引起的许多生物胁迫，每公顷需要大量的植物保护产品。美国蔬菜种植者正在受益于对西葫芦黄色花叶病毒，西瓜花叶病毒和黄瓜花叶病毒具有抵抗力的转基因南瓜品种的种植，这些品种自1996年以来已被放松管制并投入商业化。Bt甜玉米也被证明可有效控制某些鳞翅目物种和仍然在美国的新鲜市场上被接受，而Bt新鲜市场的甜玉米杂交种几乎每年都发布。同样，孟加拉国的农民现在种植了减少农药使用的转基因Bt茄子。带有外壳蛋白基因的转基因木瓜品种可有效抵抗其他地方的木瓜环斑病毒。转基因“蜂蜜甜”李子品种为控制李子痘病毒提供了有趣的种质资源。增强宿主植物对黄单胞菌PV的抗性。 musacearum，它导致破坏性的香蕉Xanthomonas枯萎在非洲大湖地区，是通过植物基因工程实现的。管线中还有其他蔬菜和水果作物经过基因改造，可以增强宿主植物对昆虫和植物病原体的抗性，表现出对除草剂的耐受性，并改善诸如缓慢成熟等特性，从而延长了农产品的保质期。食用更多营养的转基因蔬菜和水果可以使消费者进一步受益。因此，转基因植物育种提供了遗传改良的种子包埋技术，可通过减少农药喷洒量以及通过最大程度减少农药残留量来提高食品安全性，从而促进园艺中的有害生物综合治理。此外，耐除草剂的转基因作物可以帮助减少田间耕作，由于减少了拖拉机的使用，从而节省了燃料，这也通过减少土壤的侵蚀来保护土壤的结构。转基因蔬菜和水果作物可以为可持续蔬菜生产以及提供更多营养和健康食品做出重要贡献。但是，各国在接受转基因作物的市场标准方面有所不同。如果向种植者和消费者展示出明显的优势和安全性，则生物技术产品将获得成功。

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