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Tissue interactions, cell signaling and transcriptional control in the cranial mesoderm during craniofacial development

机译：颅面发育过程中颅中皮的组织相互作用，细胞信号传导和转录控制

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The cranial neural crest and the cranial mesoderm are the source of tissues from which the bone and cartilage of the skull, face and jaws are constructed. The development of the cranial mesoderm is not well studied, which is inconsistent with its importance in craniofacial morphogenesis as a source of precursor tissue of the chondrocranium, muscles, vasculature and connective tissues, mechanical support for tissue morphogenesis, and the signaling activity that mediate interactions with the cranial neural crest. Phenotypic analysis of conditional knockout mouse mutants, complemented by the transcriptome analysis of differentially enriched genes in the cranial mesoderm and cranial neural crest, have identified signaling pathways that may mediate cross-talk between the two tissues. In the cranial mesenchyme, Bmp4 is expressed in the mesoderm cells while its signaling activity could impact on both the mesoderm and the neural crest cells. In contrast, Fgf8 is predominantly expressed in the cranial neural crest cells and it influences skeletal development and myogenesis in the cranial mesoderm. WNT signaling, which emanates from the cranial neural crest cells, interacts with BMP and FGF signaling in monitoring the switch between tissue progenitor expansion and differentiation. The transcription factor Twist1 , a critical molecular regulator of many aspects of craniofacial development, coordinates the activity of the above pathways in cranial mesoderm and cranial neural crest tissue compartments.
机译：颅神经neural和颅中皮是组织的来源，头骨，面部和下颌的骨和软骨是从该组织构造的。颅中皮的发展尚未得到很好的研究，这与其在颅面部形态发生中作为软骨颅骨，肌肉，脉管系统和结缔组织的前体组织的来源，组织形态发生的机械支持以及介导相互作用的信号传导活动的重要性不一致。与颅神经c。条件性基因敲除小鼠突变体的表型分析，再加上对颅中皮和颅神经c差异富集基因的转录组分析，已确定了可能介导两个组织之间串扰的信号通路。在颅间质中，Bmp4在中胚层细胞中表达，而其信号传导活性可能同时影响中胚层和神经rest细胞。相比之下，Fgf8主要在颅神经c细胞中表达，并影响颅骨中胚层的骨骼发育和肌发生。从颅神经rest细胞发出的WNT信号在监测组织祖细胞扩增和分化之间的转换过程中与BMP和FGF信号相互作用。转录因子Twist1是颅面发育许多方面的关键分子调节剂，可协调颅中中胚层和颅神经c组织区室中上述途径的活性。

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