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High genetic diversity with moderate differentiation in Juniperus excelsa from Lebanon and the eastern Mediterranean region

机译：黎巴嫩和地中海东部地区的杜鹃（Juniperus excelsa）具有高遗传多样性和中等分化能力

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Background and aims Juniperus excelsa is an important woody species in the high mountain ecosystems of the eastern Mediterranean Basin where it constitutes the only coniferous species found at the tree line. The genetic diversity within and among J. excelsa populations of the eastern Mediterranean Basin is studied in the light of their historical fragmentation. Methodology Nuclear microsatellites originally developed for Juniperus communis and J. przewalskii were tested on 320 individuals from 12 different populations originating from Lebanon, Turkey, Cyprus, Greece and the Ukraine. Principal results Among the 31 nuclear microsatellite primers tested, only three produced specific amplification products, with orthology confirmed by sequence analysis. They were then used for genetic diversity studies. The mean number of alleles and the expected heterozygosity means were Na=8.78 and He=0.76, respectively. The fixation index showed a significant deviation from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium and an excess of homozygotes (FIS=0.27–0.56). A moderate level of genetic differentiation was observed among the populations (FST=0.075, P0.001). The most differentiated populations corresponded to old vestigial stands found at the tree line (2000 m) in Lebanon. These populations were differentiated from the other populations that are grouped into three sub-clusters. Conclusions High levels of genetic diversity were observed at species and population levels. The high level of differentiation in the high-mountain Lebanese populations reflects a long period of isolation or possibly a different origin. The admixture observed in other populations from Lebanon suggests a more recent separation from the Turkish–southeastern European populations.
机译：背景和目的杜鹃（Juniperus excelsa）是地中海盆地东部高山生态系统中的一种重要木本物种，它是在树线处发现的唯一针叶树种。根据地中海东部盆地历史上的零碎化，研究了东部地中海盆地Excels种群内和种群之间的遗传多样性。方法论对最初为杜松（Juniperus communis）和普氏原w（J。przewalskii）开发的核微卫星在来自黎巴嫩，土耳其，塞浦路斯，希腊和乌克兰的12个不​​同种群的320个人上进行了测试。主要结果在测试的31种核微卫星引物中，只有3种产生了特异性扩增产物，序列分析证实了其正交性。然后将它们用于遗传多样性研究。等位基因的平均数和预期的杂合度平均值分别为N a = 8.78和H e = 0.76。固定指数显示出与Hardy-Weinberg平衡显着偏离，并且纯合子过量（F IS = 0.27-0.56）。在人群中观察到中等水平的遗传分化（F ST = 0.075，P <0.001）。差异最大的种群对应于黎巴嫩林线（> 2000 m）上发现的旧遗址。这些人口与其他人口分为三个亚群。结论在物种和种群水平上观察到高水平的遗传多样性。高山区黎巴嫩人口的高分化水平反映了长期的孤立或可能是不同的起源。在黎巴嫩其他人口中观察到的混杂现象表明，土耳其人与东南欧人口之间的分离最近。

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