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首页> 外文期刊>International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health >Pesticide Exposure, Safety Issues, and Risk Assessment Indicators
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Pesticide Exposure, Safety Issues, and Risk Assessment Indicators

机译：农药暴露，安全问题和风险评估指标

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Pesticides are widely used in agricultural production to prevent or control pests, diseases, weeds, and other plant pathogens in an effort to reduce or eliminate yield losses and maintain high product quality. Although pesticides are developed through very strict regulation processes to function with reasonable certainty and minimal impact on human health and the environment, serious concerns have been raised about health risks resulting from occupational exposure and from residues in food and drinking water. Occupational exposure to pesticides often occurs in the case of agricultural workers in open fields and greenhouses, workers in the pesticide industry, and exterminators of house pests. Exposure of the general population to pesticides occurs primarily through eating food and drinking water contaminated with pesticide residues, whereas substantial exposure can also occur in or around the home. Regarding the adverse effects on the environment (water, soil and air contamination from leaching, runoff, and spray drift, as well as the detrimental effects on wildlife, fish, plants, and other non-target organisms), many of these effects depend on the toxicity of the pesticide, the measures taken during its application, the dosage applied, the adsorption on soil colloids, the weather conditions prevailing after application, and how long the pesticide persists in the environment. Therefore, the risk assessment of the impact of pesticides either on human health or on the environment is not an easy and particularly accurate process because of differences in the periods and levels of exposure, the types of pesticides used (regarding toxicity and persistence), and the environmental characteristics of the areas where pesticides are usually applied. Also, the number of the criteria used and the method of their implementation to assess the adverse effects of pesticides on human health could affect risk assessment and would possibly affect the characterization of the already approved pesticides and the approval of the new compounds in the near future. Thus, new tools or techniques with greater reliability than those already existing are needed to predict the potential hazards of pesticides and thus contribute to reduction of the adverse effects on human health and the environment. On the other hand, the implementation of alternative cropping systems that are less dependent on pesticides, the development of new pesticides with novel modes of action and improved safety profiles, and the improvement of the already used pesticide formulations towards safer formulations (e.g., microcapsule suspensions) could reduce the adverse effects of farming and particularly the toxic effects of pesticides. In addition, the use of appropriate and well-maintained spraying equipment along with taking all precautions that are required in all stages of pesticide handling could minimize human exposure to pesticides and their potential adverse effects on the environment.
机译：农药广泛用于农业生产中，以预防或控制害虫，疾病，杂草和其他植物病原体，以减少或消除产量损失并保持较高的产品质量。尽管农药是通过非常严格的法规程序开发的，能够以合理的确定性发挥作用，并且对人类健康和环境的影响最小，但人们仍对由职业暴露以及食物和饮用水中的残留物引起的健康风险提出了严重关切。在露天田地和温室中的农业工人，农药行业的工人以及房屋害虫的杀虫剂中，通常会发生职业接触农药的情况。普通人群的农药暴露主要是通过进食被农药残留污染的食物和饮用水，而家庭中或周围也可能发生大量暴露。关于对环境的不利影响（淋滤，径流和喷雾漂移造成的水，土壤和空气污染，以及对野生生物，鱼类，植物和其他非目标生物的有害影响），其中许多影响取决于农药的毒性，施用过程中所采取的措施，施用的剂量，对土壤胶体的吸附，施用后普遍存在的天气条件以及农药在环境中持续存在的时间。因此，由于暴露时间和水平，所使用农药的类型（关于毒性和持久性）的差异以及对农药对人类健康或环境的影响的风险评估不是一个容易且特别准确的过程。通常使用农药的地区的环境特征。同样，用来评估农药对人类健康的不利影响的标准数量和实施方法可能会影响风险评估，并可能在不久的将来影响已经批准的农药的表征和新化合物的批准。因此，需要比现有技术更可靠的新工具或技术来预测农药的潜在危害，从而有助于减少对人类健康和环境的不利影响。另一方面，实施对农药的依赖性较小的替代种植系统，开发具有新颖作用方式和改善安全性的新型农药，以及将已使用的农药制剂改进为更安全的制剂（例如微胶囊悬浮液） ）可以减少农业的不利影响，尤其是农药的毒性。此外，使用适当且维护良好的喷雾设备，以及在农药处理所有阶段均采取所有预防措施，可以最大程度地减少人为暴露于农药及其对环境的潜在不利影响。

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