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An overview to the investigative approach to species testing in wildlife forensic science

机译：野生生物法医学中物种测试的调查方法概述

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The extent of wildlife crime is unknown but it is on the increase and has observable effects with the dramatic decline in many species of flora and fauna. The growing awareness of this area of criminal activity is reflected in the increase in research papers on animal DNA testing, either for the identification of species or for the genetic linkage of a sample to a particular organism. This review focuses on the use of species testing in wildlife crime investigations. Species identification relies primarily on genetic loci within the mitochondrial genome; focusing on the cytochrome b and cytochrome oxidase 1 genes. The use of cytochrome b gained early prominence in species identification through its use in taxonomic and phylogenetic studies, while the gene sequence for cytochrome oxidase was adopted by the Barcode for Life research group. This review compares how these two loci are used in species identification with respect to wildlife crime investigations. As more forensic science laboratories undertake work in the wildlife area, it is important that the quality of work is of the highest standard and that the conclusions reached are based on scientific principles. A key issue in reporting on the identification of a particular species is a knowledge of both the intraspecies variation and the possible overlap of sequence variation from one species to that of a closely related species. Recent data showing this degree of genetic separation in mammalian species will allow greater confidence when preparing a report on an alleged event where the identification of the species is of prime importance. The aim of this review is to illustrate aspects of species testing in wildlife forensic science and to explain how a knowledge of genetic variation at the genus and species level can aid in the reporting of results.
机译：野生动植物犯罪的程度是未知的，但随着许多动植物种类的急剧减少，其犯罪数量正在增加，并具有明显的影响。有关动物DNA测试的研究论文的增多反映出人们对该犯罪活动领域的意识日益增强，无论是用于物种识别还是样品与特定生物的遗传联系。这篇综述着重于物种测试在野生动植物犯罪调查中的使用。物种鉴定主要依赖于线粒体基因组内的遗传基因座。着重研究细胞色素b和细胞色素氧化酶1基因。细胞色素b的使用通过在分类学和系统发育研究中的使用，在物种鉴定中得到了较早的重视，而细胞色素氧化酶的基因序列已被生命条形码研究小组采用。这篇评论比较了这两个基因座在野生动植物犯罪调查中如何用于物种识别。随着越来越多的法医科学实验室在野生动植物地区开展工作，重要的是工作质量必须达到最高标准，并且得出的结论必须基于科学原理。报告特定物种鉴定的一个关键问题是了解物种内变异以及从一个物种到一个紧密相关物种的序列变异的可能重叠。最近的数据显示出哺乳动物物种中这种程度的基因分离，将在编写有关所谓物种识别最重要的所谓事件的报告时提供更大的信心。这篇综述的目的是说明野生生物法医学中物种测试的各个方面，并解释在属和物种层面的遗传变异知识如何有助于报告结果。

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