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Bona fide colour: DNA prediction of human eye and hair colour from ancient and contemporary skeletal remains

机译：善意的颜色：根据古代和现代骨骼遗骸对人眼和头发颜色的DNA预测

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Background DNA analysis of ancient skeletal remains is invaluable in evolutionary biology for exploring the history of species, including humans. Contemporary human bones and teeth, however, are relevant in forensic DNA analyses that deal with the identification of perpetrators, missing persons, disaster victims or family relationships. They may also provide useful information towards unravelling controversies that surround famous historical individuals. Retrieving information about a deceased person’s externally visible characteristics can be informative in both types of DNA analyses. Recently, we demonstrated that human eye and hair colour can be reliably predicted from DNA using the HIrisPlex system. Here we test the feasibility of the novel HIrisPlex system at establishing eye and hair colour of deceased individuals from skeletal remains of various post-mortem time ranges and storage conditions. Methods Twenty-one teeth between 1 and approximately 800 years of age and 5 contemporary bones were subjected to DNA extraction using standard organic protocol followed by analysis using the HIrisPlex system. Results Twenty-three out of 26 bone DNA extracts yielded the full 24 SNP HIrisPlex profile, therefore successfully allowing model-based eye and hair colour prediction. HIrisPlex analysis of a tooth from the Polish general W?adys?aw Sikorski (1881 to 1943) revealed blue eye colour and blond hair colour, which was positively verified from reliable documentation. The partial profiles collected in the remaining three cases (two contemporary samples and a 14th century sample) were sufficient for eye colour prediction. Conclusions Overall, we demonstrate that the HIrisPlex system is suitable, sufficiently sensitive and robust to successfully predict eye and hair colour from ancient and contemporary skeletal remains. Our findings, therefore, highlight the HIrisPlex system as a promising tool in future routine forensic casework involving skeletal remains, including ancient DNA studies, for the prediction of eye and hair colour of deceased individuals.
机译：对于探索包括人类在内的物种历史的进化生物学，古代骨骼遗骸的背景DNA分析具有不可估量的价值。然而，当代人的骨骼和牙齿在法医DNA分析中很重要，DNA分析涉及识别肇事者，失踪人员，灾难受害者或家庭关系。它们还可以提供有用的信息，以解决围绕着著名历史人物的争议。在两种类型的DNA分析中，检索有关死者外部可见特征的信息都可以提供信息。最近，我们证明了使用HIrisPlex系统可以从DNA可靠地预测人眼和头发的颜色。在这里，我们测试了新型HIrisPlex系统在从死后各种时间范围和储存条件的骨骼遗骸中建立死者的眼睛和头发颜色的可行性。方法采用标准有机方案对21颗1至800岁左右的牙齿和5颗当代骨骼进行DNA提取，然后使用HIrisPlex系统进行分析。结果26种骨骼DNA提取物中的23种产生了完整的24个SNP HIrisPlex配置文件，因此成功地实现了基于模型的眼睛和头发颜色预测。 HIrisPlex对波兰瓦迪斯瓦·西科斯基（W？adys？aw Sikorski）（1881至1943年）牙齿的分析表明，蓝眼睛的颜色和金色的头发得到了可靠文献的肯定验证。在其余三个案例（两个当代样本和一个14世纪样本）中收集的部分轮廓足以预测眼睛的颜色。结论总体而言，我们证明了HIrisPlex系统是合适的，足够灵敏且强大的，可以成功地从古代和现代骨骼遗骸中预测眼睛和头发的颜色。因此，我们的发现突出了HIrisPlex系统，它是未来涉及骨骼遗骸的常规法医案例研究的有前途的工具，包括古代DNA研究，可用于预测死者的眼睛和头发的颜色。

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