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Predator‐driven elemental cycling: the impact of predation and risk effects on ecosystem stoichiometry

机译：捕食者驱动的元素循环：捕食和风险影响对生态系统化学计量的影响

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AbstractEmpirical evidence is beginning to show that predators can be important drivers of elemental cycling within ecosystems by propagating indirect effects that determine the distribution of elements among trophic levels as well as determine the chemical content of organic matter that becomes decomposed by microbes. These indirect effects can be propagated by predator consumptive effects on prey, nonconsumptive (risk) effects, or a combination of both. Currently, there is insufficient theory to predict how such predator effects should propagate throughout ecosystems. We present here a theoretical framework for exploring predator effects on ecosystem elemental cycling to encourage further empirical quantification. We use a classic ecosystem trophic compartment model as a basis for our analyses but infuse principles from ecological stoichiometry into the analyses of elemental cycling. Using a combined analytical-numerical approach, we compare how predators affect cycling through consumptive effects in which they control the flux of nutrients up trophic chains; through risk effects in which they change the homeostatic elemental balance of herbivore prey which accordingly changes the element ratio herbivores select from plants; and through a combination of both effects. Our analysis reveals that predators can have quantitatively important effects on elemental cycling, relative to a model formalism that excludes predator effects. Furthermore, the feedbacks due to predator nonconsumptive effects often have the quantitatively strongest impact on whole ecosystem elemental stocks, production and efficiency rates, and recycling fluxes by changing the stoichiometric balance of all trophic levels. Our modeling framework predictably shows how bottom-up control by microbes and top-down control by predators on ecosystems become interdependent when top predator effects permeate ecosystems.
机译：摘要经验证据已开始表明，掠食者可以通过传播间接效应来决定生态系统内元素循环的重要驱动力，这种间接效应决定了营养级中元素的分布以及微生物分解后的有机物的化学含量。这些间接影响可以通过捕食者对猎物的消耗性影响，非消耗性（风险）影响或两者的结合来传播。当前，没有足够的理论来预测这种捕食者的影响应如何在整个生态系统中传播。我们在这里提出一个理论框架，以探索捕食者对生态系统元素循环的影响，以鼓励进一步的经验量化。我们使用经典的生态系统营养室模型作为我们分析的基础，但是将原理从生态化学计量学引入到元素循环的分析中。使用组合的分析数值方法，我们比较了捕食者如何通过消耗效应控制循环，这些消耗效应控制着营养物质在营养链上的流动。通过风险影响改变食草动物猎物的体内稳态元素平衡，从而改变食草动物从植物中选择的元素比例;并结合了两种效果。我们的分析表明，相对于排除捕食者影响的模型形式主义而言，捕食者可以对元素循环产生数量上重要的影响。此外，由于掠食者的非消耗性影响而产生的反馈，通常会通过改变所有营养水平的化学计量平衡，对整个生态系统元素存量，生产效率和回收通量产生数量上最强烈的影响。我们的建模框架可以预测地显示，当顶级捕食者效应渗透到生态系统中时，微生物对生态系统的自下而上控制和捕食者对自上而下的控制将如何相互依赖。

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