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The Grizzly Bears of Yellowstone: their ecology in the Yellowstone Ecosystem, 1959-1992

机译：黄石灰熊：它们在黄石生态系统中的生态，1959-1992年

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Review: The Grizzly Bears of Yellowstone: their ecology in the Yellowstone ecosystem, 1959-1992. By John J. Craighead, Jay S. Sumner, and John A. Mitchell Reviewed by Tom John Idaho Division of Environmental Quality Craighead, John J., Jay S. Sumner, and John A. Mitchell. The Grizzly Bears of Yellowstone: their ecology in the Yellowstone ecosystem, 1959- 1992. Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1995. 535 pp. US $100 cloth ISBN: 1-55963-456-1. John Craighead and his colleagues report on grizzly research conducted over a third of a century. This big volume is organized in two parts. The first part deals with the pioneering study initiated in 1959 by John and his brother, Frank C. Craighead, Jr. The second part reports on bear research conducted in the Yellowstone ecosystem from 1974-1992. Concluding chapters assess the status of the grizzly in the early 1990's and provide the authors' critique of the federal plan for recovery of grizzly populations in the contiguous United States. The gap in this chronology represents a period between the forced termination of the Craighead study, due to conflicts with the National Park Service, and the initiation of work by the Interagency Grizzly Bear Management Team that was formed in response to widespread criticism of Park Service policies and management approaches. In a historical perspective, the authors document the slowly rising numbers of grizzlies in Yellowstone during the twentieth century in response to growing quantities of food in the form of garbage created by human visitors. Garbage dumps are characterized as ecocenters , defined as seasonal concentrations of high-energy food, which attract large numbers of bears. Aside from aesthetic considerations, the authors argue that the Yellowstone dumps were no different ecologically than concentrations of migrating salmon that attract bears in Alaska and elsewhere. The social hierarchy that formed annually during the early summer, allowing these powerful animals to co-exist in dense aggregations, is carefully described. Chapters on reproductive biology, rearing of offspring, population dynamics, food habits, and patterns of mortality, provide rich detail on the natural history of this species, much of it first
机译：评论：黄石灰熊：黄石生态系统中的生态，1959年至1992年。约翰·J·克雷格海德（John J. Craighead），杰伊·萨姆纳（Jay S. Sumner）和约翰·A·米切尔（John A. Mitchell），由汤姆·约翰·爱达荷（Tom John Idaho）审查。黄石灰熊：它们在黄石生态系统中的生态，1959-1992年。华盛顿特区：Island Press，1995年。535页，100美元/布ISBN：1-55963-456-1。约翰·克雷格海德（John Craighead）和他的同事报告了超过1/3世纪进行的灰熊研究。大量内容分为两个部分。第一部分涉及约翰及其兄弟弗兰克·克雷格黑德（Frank C. Craighead，Jr）于1959年发起的开拓性研究。第二部分报告了1974-1992年在黄石生态系统中进行的熊类研究。结论性章节评估了1990年代初期灰熊的状况，并提供了作者对联邦政府对美国连续灰熊种群恢复的计划的批评。这段时间上的差距代表了因与国家公园管理局的冲突而被迫终止Craighead研究，以及因应对公园管理局政策的广泛批评而成立的跨机构灰熊管理团队开始工作的时期。和管理方法。从历史的角度来看，作者记录了二十世纪黄石地区的灰熊数量缓慢增长，这是由于人类来访者产生的垃圾形式的食物数量增加所致。垃圾场的特征是生态中心，定义为吸引大量熊类的高能食品的季节性集中。除了美学考虑外，作者们认为黄石垃圾场在生态上与在阿拉斯加和其他地方吸引熊的迁徙鲑鱼的浓度没有什么不同。认真描述了每年初夏期间形成的社会等级制度，使这些强大的动物能够以密集的聚集体共存。有关生殖生物学，后代饲养，种群动态，饮食习惯和死亡率模式的章节提供了有关该物种自然历史的丰富细节，其中许多首先

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