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Comparison of response patterns in different survey designs: a longitudinal panel with mixed-mode and online-only design

机译：比较不同调查设计中的响应模式：具有混合模式和仅在线设计的纵向面板

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BackgroundIncreasing availability of the Internet allows using only online data collection for more epidemiological studies. We compare response patterns in a population-based health survey using two survey designs: mixed-mode (choice between paper-and-pencil and online questionnaires) and online-only design (without choice). MethodsWe used data from a longitudinal panel, the Hygiene and Behaviour Infectious Diseases Study (HaBIDS), conducted in 2014/2015 in four regions in Lower Saxony, Germany. Individuals were recruited using address-based probability sampling. In two regions, individuals could choose between paper-and-pencil and online questionnaires. In the other two regions, individuals were offered online-only participation. We compared sociodemographic characteristics of respondents who filled in all panel questionnaires between the mixed-mode group (n?=?1110) and the online-only group (n?=?482). Using 134 items, we performed multinomial logistic regression to compare responses between survey designs in terms of type (missing, “do not know” or valid response) and ordinal regression to compare responses in terms of content. We applied the false discovery rates (FDR) to control for multiple testing and investigated effects of adjusting for sociodemographic characteristic. For validation of the differential response patterns between mixed-mode and online-only, we compared the response patterns between paper and online mode among the respondents in the mixed-mode group in one region (n?=?786). ResultsRespondents in the online-only group were older than those in the mixed-mode group, but both groups did not differ regarding sex or education. Type of response did not differ between the online-only and the mixed-mode group. Survey design was associated with different content of response in 18 of the 134 investigated items; which decreased to 11 after adjusting for sociodemographic variables. In the validation within the mixed-mode, only two of those were among the 11 significantly different items. The probability of observing by chance the same two or more significant differences in this setting was 22%. ConclusionsWe found similar response patterns in both survey designs with only few items being answered differently, likely attributable to chance. Our study supports the equivalence of the compared survey designs and suggests that, in the studied setting, using online-only design does not cause strong distortion of the results.
机译：背景技术互联网可用性的提高允许仅将在线数据收集用于更多的流行病学研究。我们使用两种调查设计在基于人群的健康调查中比较响应模式：混合模式（纸笔和在线调查表之间的选择）和仅在线设计（无选择）。方法我们使用了纵向面板的数据，即2014/2015年在德国下萨克森州四个地区进行的卫生与行为传染病研究（HaBIDS）。使用基于地址的概率抽样招募个人。在两个地区，个人可以在纸笔和在线调查表之间进行选择。在其他两个地区，仅向个人提供在线参与。我们比较了混合模式组（n？=？1110）和仅在线组（n？=？482）之间填写所有小组问卷的受访者的社会人口统计学特征。我们使用了134个项目，进行了多项Logistic回归以比较调查设计之间在类型（缺失，“不知道”或有效响应）方面的响应，并进行了序数回归以比较内容方面的响应。我们将错误发现率（FDR）应用于多项测试的控制，并研究了针对社会人口统计学特征进行调整的效果。为了验证混合模式和仅在线模式之间的差异响应模式，我们比较了一个地区混合模式组中受访者在纸质模式和在线模式之间的响应模式（n = 786）。结果仅在线组的受访者比混合模式组的受访者年龄大，但两组在性别或教育方面均没有差异。仅在线和混合模式组的响应类型没有差异。在134个被调查项目中的18个中，调查设计与不同的回应内容相关;在调整了社会人口统计学变量后，该数字降至11。在混合模式下的验证中，只有11个明显不同的项中的两个。在这种情况下偶然观察到相同的两个或更多显着差异的可能性为22％。结论我们在两种调查设计中都发现了相似的回答模式，只有很少的问题答案不同，这很可能是偶然的。我们的研究支持比较的调查设计的等效性，并建议在研究的环境中，仅使用在线设计不会造成结果的严重失真。

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