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首页> 外文期刊>Environmental sciences Europe >Herbicide resistance and biodiversity: agronomic and environmental aspects of genetically modified herbicide-resistant plants
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Herbicide resistance and biodiversity: agronomic and environmental aspects of genetically modified herbicide-resistant plants

机译：抗除草剂和生物多样性：转基因抗除草剂植物的农艺和环境方面

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Farmland biodiversity is an important characteristic when assessing sustainability of agricultural practices and is of major international concern. Scientific data indicate that agricultural intensification and pesticide use are among the main drivers of biodiversity loss. The analysed data and experiences do not support statements that herbicide-resistant crops provide consistently better yields than conventional crops or reduce herbicide amounts. They rather show that the adoption of herbicide-resistant crops impacts agronomy, agricultural practice, and weed management and contributes to biodiversity loss in several ways: (i) many studies show that glyphosate-based herbicides, which were commonly regarded as less harmful, are toxic to a range of aquatic organisms and adversely affect the soil and intestinal microflora and plant disease resistance; the increased use of 2,4-D or dicamba, linked to new herbicide-resistant crops, causes special concerns. (ii) The adoption of herbicide-resistant crops has reduced crop rotation and favoured weed management that is solely based on the use of herbicides. (iii) Continuous herbicide resistance cropping and the intensive use of glyphosate over the last 20?years have led to the appearance of at least 34 glyphosate-resistant weed species worldwide. Although recommended for many years, farmers did not counter resistance development in weeds by integrated weed management, but continued to rely on herbicides as sole measure. Despite occurrence of widespread resistance in weeds to other herbicides, industry rather develops transgenic crops with additional herbicide resistance genes. (iv) Agricultural management based on broad-spectrum herbicides as in herbicide-resistant crops further decreases diversity and abundance of wild plants and impacts arthropod fauna and other farmland animals. Taken together, adverse impacts of herbicide-resistant crops on biodiversity, when widely adopted, should be expected and are indeed very hard to avoid. For that reason, and in order to comply with international agreements to protect and enhance biodiversity, agriculture needs to focus on practices that are more environmentally friendly, including an overall reduction in pesticide use. (Pesticides are used for agricultural as well non-agricultural purposes. Most commonly they are used as plant protection products and regarded as a synonym for it and so also in this text.)
机译：在评估农业实践的可持续性时，农田生物多样性是一个重要特征，也是国际上的主要关注。科学数据表明，农业集约化和农药使用是生物多样性丧失的主要驱动力。分析的数据和经验不支持抗除草剂作物提供的单产始终高于常规作物或减少除草剂用量的说法。他们宁愿表明抗除草剂作物的采用以多种方式影响农艺学，农业实践和杂草管理，并造成生物多样性丧失：（i）许多研究表明，通常认为草甘膦基除草剂的危害较小。对多种水生生物有毒，并对土壤和肠道菌群以及植物的抗病性产生不利影响;与新型抗除草剂作物有关的2,4-D或麦草畏的增加使用引起了特别的关注。 （ii）抗除草剂作物的采用减少了作物轮作，并有利于仅基于除草剂使用的杂草管理。 （iii）在过去的20年中，连续的抗除草剂作物种植和草甘膦的大量使用已导致全世界至少出现34种抗草甘膦的杂草物种。尽管推荐了多年，但农民并未通过综合杂草管理来抵抗杂草的抗药性发展，而是继续依靠除草剂作为唯一措施。尽管杂草中普遍存在着对其他除草剂的抗性，但工业上仍在开发具有其他除草剂抗性基因的转基因作物。 （iv）在抗除草剂作物中，以广谱除草剂为基础的农业管理进一步减少了野生植物的多样性和丰富度，并影响了节肢动物和其他农田动物。综上所述，抗除草剂作物对生物多样性的不利影响，如果被广泛采用，应该是可以预见的，而且确实很难避免。因此，为了遵守保护和增强生物多样性的国际协定，农业需要集中于更加环境友好的做法，包括全面减少农药的使用。 （农药既可用于农业也可用于非农业用途。最常见的是，它们用作植物保护产品，并被视为植物的代名词，因此在本文中也是如此。）

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