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Sperm storage by males causes changes in sperm phenotype and influences the reproductive fitness of males and their sons

机译：男性储存精子会导致精子表型发生变化，并影响男性及其儿子的生殖健康

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Abstract Recent studies suggest that environmentally induced effects on sperm phenotype can influence offspring phenotype beyond the classic Mendelian inheritance mechanism. However, establishing whether such effects are conveyed purely through ejaculates, independently of maternal environmental effects, remains a significant challenge. Here, we assess whether environmentally induced effects on sperm phenotype affects male reproductive success and offspring fitness. We experimentally manipulated the duration of sperm storage by males, and thus sperm age, in the internally fertilizing fish Poecilia reticulata . We first confirm that sperm ageing influences sperm quality and consequently males reproductive success. Specifically, we show that aged sperm exhibit impaired velocity and are competitively inferior to fresh sperm when ejaculates compete to fertilize eggs. We then used homospermic (noncompetitive) artificial insemination to inseminate females with old or fresh sperm and found that male offspring arising from fertilizations by experimentally aged sperm suffered consistently impaired sperm quality when just sexually mature (four months old) and subsequently as adults (13 months old). Although we have yet to determine whether these effects have a genetic or epigenetic basis, our analyses provide evidence that environmentally induced variation in sperm phenotype constitutes an important source of variation in male reproductive fitness that has far reaching implications for offspring fitness.
机译：摘要最近的研究表明，环境对精子表型的影响可以超越经典孟德尔遗传机制影响后代表型。然而，要确定这种影响是否纯粹通过射精来传达，与母体环境影响无关，仍然是一个巨大的挑战。在这里，我们评估环境对精子表型的影响是否影响男性生殖成功和后代适应度。我们在内部施肥的鱼Poecilia reticulata中实验性地控制了男性的精子储存时间，从而控制了精子的年龄。我们首先确认精子衰老会影响精子质量，从而影响男性的生殖成功。具体来说，我们表明衰老的精子表现出受损的速度，并且当射精争夺受精卵时，它们的竞争性要逊于新鲜的精子。然后，我们使用同性（非竞争性）人工授精，将雌雄同卵交配到旧的或新鲜的精子中，发现在性成熟时（四个月大）和成年后（13个月大），由实验年龄的精子受精而产生的雄性后代会持续损害精子质量。旧）。尽管我们尚未确定这些影响是否具有遗传或表观遗传基础，但我们的分析提供了证据，表明环境诱导的精子表型变异构成了男性生殖适应性变异的重要来源，对后代适应性具有深远的影响。

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