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On the importance of time scales when studying adaptive evolution

机译:研究自适应进化时时间尺度的重要性

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Long‐term field studies coupled with quantitative genomics offer a powerful means to understand the genetic bases underlying quantitative traits and their evolutionary changes. However, analyzing and interpreting the time scales at which adaptive evolution occurs is challenging. First, while evolution is predictable in the short term, with strikingly rapid phenotypic changes in data series, it remains unpredictable in the long term. Second, while the temporal dynamics of some loci with large effects on phenotypic variation and fitness have been characterized, this task can be complicated in cases of highly polygenic trait architecture implicating numerous small effect size loci, or when statistical tests are sensitive to the heterogeneity of some key characteristics of the genome, like variation in recombination rate along the chromosomes. After introducing these aforementioned challenges, we discuss a recent investigation of the genomic architecture and spatio‐temporal variation in great tit bill length, which was related to the recent use of bird feeders. We discuss how this case study illustrates the importance of considering different temporal scales and evolutionary mechanisms both while analyzing trait temporal trends and when searching for and interpreting the signals of putative genomic footprints of selection. More generally this commentary discusses interesting challenges for unraveling the time scale at which adaptive traits evolve and their genomic bases.
机译:长期的现场研究与定量基因组学相结合,为了解定量特征及其进化变化的遗传基础提供了一种有力的手段。然而,分析和解释发生自适应进化的时间尺度是具有挑战性的。首先,尽管进化在短期内是可预测的,而数据系列的表型变化却惊人,但从长期来看仍是不可预测的。其次,虽然已经刻画了一些对表型变异和适应性有重大影响的基因座的时间动态,但是在高度多基因性状结构牵涉到众多小的效应基因座的情况下,或者当统计测试对基因的异质性敏感时,这项任务可能会变得复杂。基因组的一些关键特征,例如沿着染色体的重组率变化。在介绍了上述挑战之后,我们讨论了对大山雀法案长度的基因组结构和时空变化的最新研究,这与最近使用鸟类喂食器有关。我们讨论此案例研究如何说明在分析性状时间趋势以及搜索和解释推定的选择基因组足迹信号时考虑不同时间尺度和进化机制的重要性。更概括地说,该评论讨论了揭示适应性状演化的时间尺度及其基因组基础的有趣挑战。

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