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首页> 外文期刊>Frontiers in Marine Science >Microplastics as Vehicles of Environmental PAHs to Marine Organisms: Combined Chemical and Physical Hazards to the Mediterranean Mussels, Mytilus galloprovincialis
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Microplastics as Vehicles of Environmental PAHs to Marine Organisms: Combined Chemical and Physical Hazards to the Mediterranean Mussels, Mytilus galloprovincialis

机译：微塑料作为环境PAH对海洋生物的媒介：对地中海贻贝，Mytilus galloprovincialis的化学和物理危害

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The ubiquitous occurrence of microplastics (MPs) in the marine environment is raising concern for interactions with marine organisms. These particles efficiently adsorb persistent organic pollutants from surrounding environment and, due to the small size, they are easily available for ingestion at all trophic levels. Once ingested, MPs can induce mechanical damage, sub- lethal effects and various cellular responses, further modulated by possible release of adsorbed chemicals or additives. In this study, ecotoxicological effects of MPs and their interactions with benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), chosen as a model compound for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated in Mediterranean mussels, Mytilus galloprovincialis. Organisms were exposed for four weeks to 10 mg/L of low-density polyethylene (LD-PE) microparticles (2.34x107 particles/L, size range 20-25 μm), both virgin and pre-contaminated with BaP (15μg/g). Organisms were also exposed for comparison to BaP dosed alone at 150 ng/L, corresponding to the amount adsorbed on microplastics. Tissue localization of microplastics was histologically evaluated; chemical analyses and a wide battery of biomarkers covering molecular, biochemical and cellular levels allowed to evaluate BaP bioaccumulation, alterations of immune system, antioxidant defenses, onset of oxidative stress, peroxisomal proliferation, genotoxicity and neurotoxicity. Obtained data were elaborated within a quantitative weight of evidence (WOE) model which, using weighted criteria, provided synthetic hazard indices, for both chemical and cellular results, before their integration in a combined index. Microplastics were localized in haemolymph, gills and especially digestive tissues where a potential transfer of BaP from MPs was also observed. Significant alterations were measured on the immune system, while more limited effects occurred on the oxidative status, neurotoxicity and genotoxicity, with a different susceptibility of analyzed pathways, depending on tissue, time and typology of exposure. Molecular analyses confirmed the general lack of significant variations on transcriptional activity of antioxidant and stress genes. The overall results suggest that microplastics induce a slight cellular toxicity under short-term (28 days) exposure conditions. However, modulation of immune responses, along with bioaccumulation of BaP, pose the still unexplored risk that these particles, under conditions of more chronic exposure (months to years) or interacting with other stressors, may provoke long-term, subtle effects on organisms’ health status.
机译：海洋环境中普遍存在的微塑料（MPs）引起了人们对与海洋生物相互作用的关注。这些颗粒有效地吸收了周围环境中的持久性有机污染物，并且由于尺寸小，它们很容易在所有营养级被摄入。摄入后，MP会引起机械损伤，亚致死作用和各种细胞反应，并可能通过吸附的化学物质或添加剂的释放而进一步调节。在这项研究中，对地中海贻贝Mytilus galloprovincialis中的MPs及其与苯并（a）re（BaP）的相互作用进行了生态毒理学效应研究，该化合物被选作多环芳烃（PAHs）的模型化合物。有机体暴露于10 mg / L的低密度聚乙烯（LD-PE）微粒（2.34x107微粒/ L，大小范围20-25μm），原始和已被BaP（15μg/ g）预先污染。还暴露了生物以与单独以150 ng / L剂量的BaP进行比较，这相当于微塑料上的吸附量。通过组织学评估了微塑料的组织定位;化学分析和涵盖分子，生化和细胞水平的一系列生物标志物可以评估BaP的生物蓄积性，免疫系统改变，抗氧化剂防御，氧化应激发作，过氧化物酶体增殖，遗传毒性和神经毒性。在定量证据权重（WOE）模型中详细阐述了获得的数据，该模型使用加权标准提供了化学和细胞结果的综合危害指数，然后将其整合到组合指数中。微塑料位于血淋巴，腮和特别是消化组织中，在这些组织中还观察到BaP从MP转移的可能性。测量了免疫系统的重大变化，而对氧化状态，神经毒性和遗传毒性的影响更为有限，所分析途径的敏感性不同，具体取决于组织，时间和暴露类型。分子分析证实，抗氧化剂和应激基因的转录活性普遍缺乏显着变化。总体结果表明，微塑料在短期（28天）暴露条件下诱导轻微的细胞毒性。然而，免疫应答的调节以及BaP的生物蓄积，仍然带来了尚未发现的风险，即这些颗粒在更长期的暴露（数月至数年）或与其他应激源相互作用的条件下，可能对生物体产生长期的微妙影响。健康状况。

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