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首页> 外文期刊>Frontiers in Public Health >Recent Outbreaks of Rift Valley Fever in East Africa and the Middle East
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Recent Outbreaks of Rift Valley Fever in East Africa and the Middle East

机译：东非和中东最近爆发裂谷热

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Rift Valley fever (RVF) is an important neglected, emerging, mosquito-borne disease with severe negative impact on human and animal health. Mosquitoes in the Aedes genus have been considered as the reservoir, as well as vectors, since their transovarially infected eggs withstand desiccation and larvae hatch when in contact with water. However, different mosquito species serve as epizootic/epidemic vectors of RVF, creating a complex epidemiologic pattern in East Africa. The recent RVF outbreaks in Somalia (2006–2007), Kenya (2006–2007), Tanzania (2007), and Sudan (2007–2008) showed extension to districts, which were not involved before. These outbreaks also demonstrated the changing epidemiology of the disease from being originally associated with livestock, to a seemingly highly virulent form infecting humans and causing considerably high-fatality rates. The amount of rainfall is considered to be the main factor initiating RVF outbreaks. The interaction between rainfall and local environment, i.e., type of soil, livestock, and human determine the space-time clustering of RVF outbreaks. Contact with animals or their products was the most dominant risk factor to transfer the infection to humans. Uncontrolled movement of livestock during an outbreak is responsible for introducing RVF to new areas. For example, the virus that caused the Saudi Arabia outbreak in 2000 was found to be the same strain that caused the 1997–98 outbreaks in East Africa. A strategy that involves active surveillance with effective case management and diagnosis for humans and identifying target areas for animal vaccination, restriction on animal movements outside the affected areas, identifying breeding sites, and targeted intensive mosquito control programs has been shown to succeed in limiting the effect of RVF outbreak and curb the spread of the disease from the onset.
机译：裂谷热（RVF）是一种被忽视的重要新兴疾病，由蚊子传播，对人类和动物健康造成严重的负面影响。伊蚊属的蚊子和媒介物都被认为是水库，因为它们经卵巢感染的卵与水接触时能经受干燥和幼虫孵化。然而，不同的蚊种作为RVF的流行/流行媒介，在东非造成了复杂的流行病学模式。最近在索马里（2006–2007），肯尼亚（2006–2007），坦桑尼亚（2007）和苏丹（2007–2008）爆发的RVF疫情已扩大到以前未涉及的地区。这些暴发还表明，该疾病的流行病学已从最初与家畜有关，转变为感染人类并造成高致死率的看似高毒力的形式。降雨量被认为是引发RVF爆发的主要因素。降雨与当地环境（即土壤，牲畜和人的类型）之间的相互作用决定了RVF爆发的时空聚集。与动物或其产品接触是将感染传染给人类的最主要风险因素。暴发期间牲畜的无节制迁移是将RVF引入新地区的原因。例如，发现导致2000年沙特阿拉伯爆发的病毒与导致1997-98年东非爆发的病毒相同。一项涉及主动监视，对人类进行有效病例管理和诊断，确定动物疫苗接种目标区域，限制动物在受影响区域外活动，确定繁殖地点以及有针对性的密集蚊子控制计划的策略已成功地限制了效果RVF爆发并从一开始就遏制了疾病的传播。

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