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首页> 外文期刊>Frontiers in Environmental Science >How Does Changing Pesticide Usage Over Time Affect Migrating Amphibians: A Case Study on the Use of Glyphosate-Based Herbicides in German Agriculture Over 20 Years
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How Does Changing Pesticide Usage Over Time Affect Migrating Amphibians: A Case Study on the Use of Glyphosate-Based Herbicides in German Agriculture Over 20 Years

机译：随着时间的推移，农药使用量的变化如何影响两栖动物的迁移：以20年来德国农业中使用草甘膦为基础的除草剂的案例研究

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Since its introduction in 1974, the use of glyphosate in agriculture has been continuously increasing; however, the application modes of this herbicide have been changing. Therefore, glyphosate-based herbicides can be used as an appropriate indicator for assessing how changes in pesticide application modes affect wild-living organisms in agricultural landscapes over time. Amphibians that migrate through arable fields may be exposed to the chemicals applied to field crops. Using data on the tem-poral coincidence of four amphibian populations with glyphosate applications from a three-year in-vestigation in northeast Germany as well as data on the application of glyphosate to field crops in German agriculture over 20 years, we estimated the species-specific increasing rates of coincidence likelihoods during this period. The overall consumption of glyphosate used in German agriculture between 1992 and 2012 increased by a factor of 5.7, while the species-specific coincidence likelihood increased from 2.2 to 6.1, respectively. Our results reveal the highest increases in coincidence for both adult and juvenile great crested newt (Triturus cristatus) and fire-bellied toad (Bombina bombina). Adults and juveniles of moor frog (Rana arvalis) and adults of spadefoot toad (Pelobates fuscus) were subjected to moderate increases, with rates ranging from 3.2 to 3.6; in contrast, juvenile individuals of P. fuscus showed small increases. We suggest that the risk assessments of pesticide application (in this case, glyphosate) should not only consider the present use at the time of authorization but also consider changes in application modes over time that may lead to increases in potential exposure of non-target organisms, such as amphibians.
机译：自1974年引入草甘膦以来，其在农业中的使用一直在不断增加;但是，该除草剂的施用方式正在改变。因此，基于草甘膦的除草剂可以用作评估农药施用方式的变化如何随时间影响农业景观中的野生生物的适当指标。在可耕田间迁移的两栖动物可能会暴露于施于田间作物的化学物质中。根据德国东北部一项为期三年的调查研究，使用草甘膦的四个两栖动物种群在时间上的吻合数据，以及在过去20年中将草甘膦应用于德国农作物的数据，我们估算了以下物种：在此期间的巧合可能性的具体增长率。在1992年至2012年期间，德国农业中使用的草甘膦的总消费量增加了5.7倍，而特定物种的巧合可能性分别从2.2增加到6.1。我们的结果表明，成年和少年大new（Triturus cristatus）和大腹蟾蜍（Bombina bombina）的重合性最高。成年和幼年的蛙蛙（Rana arvalis）和成年赤脚蟾蜍（Pelobates fuscus）的适度增加幅度为3.2至3.6;相比之下，福氏疟原虫的少年个体显示出少量增加。我们建议，农药施用的风险评估（在这种情况下为草甘膦）不仅应考虑授权时的当前使用，而且还应考虑随时间变化的施用方式，这可能导致非目标生物的潜在暴露增加，例如两栖动物。

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