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Semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO): from cell to circulation

机译：氨基脲敏感的胺氧化酶（SSAO）：从细胞到循环

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Semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) is a multi-functional enzyme widely present in nature. It converts primary amines into their corresponding aldehydes, while generating H[sub]2[/sub]O[sub]2[/sub] and NH[sub]3[/sub]. In mammals, SSAO circulates in plasma, while a membrane-bound form (often referred to as vascular adhesion protein-1, VAP-1) is found in many tissues and organs, especially in adipocytes and vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells. In recent years, evidence has been accumulating that SSAO has a role in protein cross-linking, formation of advanced glycation end-products, atherogenesis, glucose regulation and leukocyte extravasation at inflammation sites. Plasma SSAO is quite stable in healthy adults, but is elevated in diabetes mellitus (both type 1 and type 2), congestive heart failure and liver cirrhosis. The origin of circulating SSAO remains unclear, but recent evidence from clinical studies and from (transgenic) animal studies suggests that adipocytes and vascular endothelial cells may be the most important source. Studies with cell cultures show evidence that the membrane-bound SSAO can be split off from the cells, thus giving rise to the (truncated) circulating form of SSAO. In some pathological conditions the diseased organ may be the main source of the elevated plasma SSAO. Little is known as yet about the regulation of plasma SSAO. Thyroid hormone appears to play a (modest) role in this respect. Further evidence from clinical, animal and cell-culture studies, helped by the new availability of selective SSAO inhibitors, is needed to shed more light on the question of the regulation of SSAO.
机译：氨基脲敏感的胺氧化酶（SSAO）是广泛存在于自然界中的多功能酶。它可以将伯胺转化为相应的醛，同时生成H [sub] 2 [/ sub] O [sub] 2 [/ sub]和NH [sub] 3 [/ sub]。在哺乳动物中，SSAO在血浆中循环，而在许多组织和器官中，尤其是在脂肪细胞，血管内皮和平滑肌细胞中，发现了一种膜结合形式（通常称为血管粘附蛋白-1，VAP-1）。近年来，越来越多的证据表明SSAO在蛋白质交联，高级糖基化终产物的形成，动脉粥样硬化，葡萄糖调节和炎症部位白细胞渗出中起作用。血浆SSAO在健康成人中相当稳定，但在糖尿病（1型和2型），充血性心力衰竭和肝硬化中升高。循环SSAO的起源尚不清楚，但是来自临床研究和（转基因）动物研究的最新证据表明，脂肪细胞和血管内皮细胞可能是最重要的来源。细胞培养的研究表明，可以将与膜结合的SSAO从细胞中分离出来，从而形成SSAO的（截短的）循环形式。在某些病理状况下，患病器官可能是血浆SSAO升高的主要来源。关于血浆SSAO的调节知之甚少。甲状腺激素在这方面似乎起着（适度的）作用。需要临床，动物和细胞培养研究的进一步证据，以选择性SSAO抑制剂的新可用性为基础，以进一步阐明SSAO的调节问题。

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